MOSQU] rOES \M> S i.l.I.nw FEVER. 1 7 
against other culicids, and comprised the drainage of a large swamp 
ami tin' other usual measures. The initial expense amounted to 
50,000 francs ($9,650), and the annual expenses since have amounted 
to about L8,300 francs ($3,532). 
The results may be summarized about as follow-: Since the be- 
ginning of L903 the ordinary mosquitoes have disappeared from 
[smailia. since the autumn of L903 not a single larva of Anopheles 
has been found in the protected /one. which extends to the west for 
a distance of 1.000 meters from the first houses in the Arabian 
quarter and to the east for a distance of 1,800 meters from tin 1 first 
houses in tin' European quarter. After L902 malarial fever obviously 
began to decrease, and since 1903 not a single new case of malaria 
has been found in Tsmailia. 
A very efficient piece of antimalarial work was accomplished in 
Havana during the American occupation of 1901 to 1902, incidental 
in a way to (he work against yellow fever. An Anopheles brigade 
of workmen was organized under the sanitary officer, Doctor Gorgas, 
for work along the small streams, irrigated gardens, and similar 
places in the suburbs, and numbered from 50 to 300 men. No exten- 
sive drainage, such as would require engineering skill, was attempted, 
and the natural streams and gutters were simply cleared of obstruc- 
tions and grass, while superficial ditches were made through the irri- 
gated meadows. Among the suburban truck gardens Anopheles bred 
( verywhere, in the little puddles of water, cow tracks, horse track's, 
and similar depressions in grassy ground. Little or no oil was used 
by the Anopheles brigade, since it was found in practice a simple 
matter to drain these places. At the end of the year it was very diffi- 
cult to find water containing mosquito larvae anywhere in the suburb-, 
and the effect upon malarial statistics Avas striking. In 1900, the 
year before the beginning of the mosquito work, there were 325 
deaths from malaria; in 1901, the first year of the mosquito work, 
171 deaths; in 1902, the second year of mosquito work, 77 deaths. 
Since 1902 there has been a gradual though slower decrease, as fol- 
lows: 190:;. 51; 1904, 44; 1905, 32; 1906, 20; 1907, 23. These results, 
although less striking than those from Ismailia, involved a smaller 
expense in money and show surely an annual saving of 300 lives, and 
undoubtedly a corresponding decrease in the number of malarial 
cases, which may be estimated upon our earlier basis at something 
less than 40,000. 
YELLOW FEVER. 
Yellow fever has prevailed endemically throughout the West In- 
dies and in certain region- on the Spanish Main virtually since the 
discovery of America. Barbados, Jamaica, and Cuba suffered 
epidemics before the middle of the seventeenth century. There were 
70951 Bull. 78 09 —3 
