72 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. 
LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 
The broad-bean weevil was first described by Boheman la in 1833. 
who designated its habitat as Crimea, Dalmatia, Egypt, and France. 
From the lateness of this description and the fact that the habitat 
Egypt is mentioned, it is presumed, and with good reason, that the 
insect was introduced from Egypt, supposedly the natural home of 
its favorite food plant, the broad bean. In I860 John Curtis 2 gave 
a long account of this species, describing it and its habits and injuries, 
with reference to earlier writings. He also described three of its 
hymenopterous parasites. It was not until 10 years later that 
Riley 3 wrote of the supposed introduction of the insect in America. 
Rath von, 4 Glover, 5 and Horn, 7 as well as other writers, seem to have 
taken it for granted that this species was already introduced from 
Switzerland into America, basing this supposition on Riley's first 
editorial note. In later years Fletcher 17 mentions the detection of 
the insect in broad beans imported from England and found in 
Canada, but neither he, Hamilton, 18 Lintner, 23 or others assumed 
the establishment of the species in the United States or Canada. 
Of important writings on this species may be mentioned the works 
of Achille Costa, first published in 1857 and again 20 years later, 9 
this account including a description of the egg, larva, and adult, and 
treatment of the biology. Taschenberg, 10 n who gave similar ac- 
counts, Theo. Wood, 13 15 whose articles will be mentioned later, Miss 
Ormerod, 14 20 21 and Lintner. 22 Lintner's article, while a detailed one 
furnishing a somewhat complete bibliography, is largely devoted to a 
discussion of the synonymy of the species and its reported occurrence 
in America. Other articles and notes on this species are cited in 
the appended bibliography. 
In this connection it might be mentioned that Olivier, in his 
treatment of " Bruclius pisV in 1795, 1 evidently failed to differen- 
tiate the pea weevil from the species in question and the lentil weevil, 
since in his illustrations, figure 6, c, is recognizable as pisorum, while 
figure 6, d, is evidently intended for rufimanus. In his concluding 
notes on "pisi" he writes that the larva fives in the interior of peas, 
lentils, "gesse," beans, and some species of vetch. Moreover, his 
illustration of Bruclius granarius is that of a much smaller insect than 
rufimanus (PL I, fig. 10, a, b), and therefore not the latter species. 
NATURAL ENEMIES. 
Of the natural enemies of this species very little has been written. 
John Curtis recorded in 1863 three hymenopterous parasites, which 
he describes. 2 These are SigalpJius paUipes Kees, SigalpJius ilio- 
racicus Curt., and CJiremylus rubiginosus Xees. 
a See Bibliography, pp. 80-82. 
