THE MOUTH I'AKTS, ( H; IlKAK 
7\) 
short, tlirt'ad-likc anUMina' piojcct ini:; Ixmwccii tlic (•(HhjxuiikI eyes. 
Viewed from beiiealli, [\w t riai\i::iilar jji-olon^al ion of ilic licad into 
the three-jointed h(nik it \o he noted; tlie \^"j:-^, no! oixM-iallx lai'ir*' 
or strong exec^pt for tlie anterior femora, wliicli ai"e mncli I liickmcd ; 
in tlu^ fenude tlie eomphw instrument for the d(>|)osit ion of e^^s pi-o- 
j(H'tini2: from a fissiin* or sht in tlie lower surface* of the ahdomen. and 
the hluntiM' al)domen of tin* male without th(> fissure Ix-iicatli, hiil 
with two lar^c^ vcuitral j)lates at the base of th(^ abdomen coxcrin^ , 
the sounding disks of the vocal aj)paratus. The latter is located on 
either sidc^ of the base of the abdomen and appears as two inflated 
ribbed drums of lighter color than the general body surbice. 
Fig. 32.— Head of Cicada, front view, showing the normal position of mouth parts on the left, and 
with the mandible and maxilla drawn out on the right. For description. s<'p fitr. 33. r Author's 
illustration.) 
The structure and workings of the more miportant organs, namely, 
the beak, the ovipositor, and the vocal apparatus, follow in some 
detail. 
THE MOUTH PARTS, Oi; HKAK. 
In the order of insects to which the periodical Cicada belongs 
it is possible to trace all the essential parts, thougb vastly modified, 
found in the mouth of tnie biting insects, namely, th(> upper lip 
(labnim), the main j)air of jaws (mandibles), the .second, or lower, 
pair of jaws (maxilhe), and, beneath, the l(jwer li]) (labium). Within 
also are the two tongues, one projecting from the roof of the mouth 
