92 
THE PERIODICAL CICADA. 
A\'e had a series of heavy rains here about the time of their first appearance, and 
in such places and under such circumstances the pupae would continue their galleries 
from 4 to 6 inches above the ground, leaving an orifice of egress even with the sur- 
face. In the upper end of these chambers the pupae would be found waiting their 
approaching time of change. They would then back down below the level of the 
earth (as at d, fig. 39) and, issuing forth from the orifice, would attach themselves to 
the first oliject at hand and undergo their transformations in the usual manner. 
Professor Riley had the accompamnno^ fiorure (fig. 39) made from 
one of tlie chambers furnished by Mr. Katlivon. This chamber meas- 
ured about 4 inches in length, mth a diameter oii the inside of five- 
eighths inch and on the outside of 1^ inches. 
As ^^'ill be later noted, the exit hole at the base of the turret in tliis 
instance was probably abnormal, the insect issuing, as showTi by later 
observers, almost invariably from a hole clawed through the summit 
of the cone. 
The next instance of the occurrence of these cones of which we have 
a record is a rather remarkable 
one, and is given by Prof. J. S. 
Xewberr}'." These cones ap- 
peared in May and June, 1877, 
in a shallow cellar of a house 
wliich had been erected on the 
site of an old orchard at Rail- 
way, N. J. The cellar had been 
dug to the depth of about a 
foot, and had been closed until 
about the time of the emergence 
of the cicadas, when it was 
opened and the bottom was 
found to be thickty beset wdth 
mud cones or tubes from 6 to 8 
inches high. The explanation 
for these curious structures suggested by Professor Newberry is that 
the cicadas, finding a dark chamber, were apparently attempting to 
work up to dayhght. What is probabl}' the true explanation of 
their occurrence will be given later. An excellent photograph of one 
of these structures, which considerably exceeds 6 inches in length, 
accompanies Professor Newberry's paper. 
The references cited include all the records of the occurrence of 
these cones up to 1894. In that year, however, these structures were 
noticed in many localities in New York and New Jersey on the appear- 
ance of Brood II, and excellent opportunities were afforded for their 
study, advantage of wliich was taken by several competent observ- 
ers who were so situated that careful examinations could be made. 
^JS 
Fig. 39.— Pupal galleries of the Cicada: a, front view; 
e, orifice; h, section; c, pupa awaiting time of 
change; d, pupa ready to transform. (After Riley.) 
a School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 7, January, 1886, 2 pp. 
