CICADA HITS, UK CONKS. 05 
raised al)(>V(> tlir surface from '2 to 1 iuclics and fnnu \\ [i> l' iii»lir> id ilinmciiT. sc-.ilrd 
at the to]), with a liolc inside cxicndinij: down ii\ I lie cart li I'J inches at lc;i>i , ** * * 
and Nou will sec mentally what 1 saw yc>!crday jihysic;dl_\ . 
Ill this insl:inc(' also, on {\\c aiitlioiily of Mr. Landcf, lite Itirrcts 
ended abrupt iy at {\\c (hIi^*' of {\\c l)iirii(>(l ar(>a. Tlic ollici- instances 
of tlioso struc'tunvs ciivd by Mr. Lander also Ix^ar out his thcoiy. As 
a rid(\ th(\v were locatcul on rocky clilVs witli nnifoi'inly .shallow soil or 
hi other sitmitions w Ikmv the soil hi wliich tlie Cicada could work was 
shallow. In the midst of one of tlu^ lar«j^est colonic^s a dcej) jj;iillv 
occurred, .SOO or 400 feet wide, in which tlu^ soil was a d<M'|) loam. 
Here tluM'c* wen^ no donuMl burrows, althougli tlie hills on cither side 
were covered with them, and yet at tlu^ j^ropcn' season t]i(> cicadas 
appeared in the ordinary way m this gully in almost incredibK ntnn- 
bers, leaving their customary small holes of exit even with tlic stirfacc. 
Some confirmatory records were obtainc^l by ^fr. Tjander in 1S9S.^ 
The occurrence of these cones, as described by Professor Xew])erry 
(p. 92), is confirmatory of this theory, a shallow covering of soil over 
pupa^ of a few inches only being left by the slight excavation made. 
A similar instance occurred in the District of Colum])ia in connection 
with Brood X in 1902, and represented the only occurrence of these 
structures observed that year in this vicinity. Mr. William Tindall, 
living on Washington Heights, at the northwest section of the city, 
discovered some of these curious structures in his ^voodslKnl, and an 
investigation of the premises developed the fact that this woodshed 
was studded with Cicada cones of perfect construction, varying from 
1 inch to 6 inches in height. Evidently a tree had stood ahout 
where the woodshed w as built, and the cicadas had undergone their 
development successfully in the ground beneath. All of those coming 
to the surface outside of the shed escaped through simple holes with- 
out any structures above ground, but every individual which came 
up within the shed ])uilt a turret or cone. The ground floor of the 
shed was somewhat moist, rain running under, but it was rather drier 
than the ground outside, so that the cones could not have been built 
on account of the moisture. There had perhaps been a slight remoA'al 
of surface soil in this shed, bringing the cicadas nearer to the surface 
and thus leading them to extend their galleries. Plate IH is from a 
photogra})h tak(^n of the cones as they appeared in the shed, and 
Plat(^ IV ilhistrat(>s half a dozen of these cones, nearly natural size, 
two of which have been cut away to show the interior cliaracter of 
the gallery. 
Dr. E. G. Love, who also studied the pro])lem of the Cicada huts 
very carefidly, agrees in the main with Vv. Lander, btit diflVrs some- 
what in his explanation. As to the conditions of their occiuj'ence, he 
writes as follows: 
« Journal of the X. V. Knt. Soc, Vol. VII. Septend.er. IS!)!), pp. 212-21 1. 
