NrMI?KRS AM) LOCAL L 'S'i'KI lU'TloN. 99 
tlio pupa, "with all iis iiu'inlx'rs sirai.Lrlil and still held Wy their lijjs wiihiii the cxiiviuiu 
(frontispiece, lii;. \>. The iinai^o then i^'radiially hends haekwanl and the n»end)ers 
arc loosened and sei)arated. W ilh ihe lip of (he aixlonieii held wilhin the exuvinni, 
the rest of the hody han^s exiended ni ri<ihi angles from ii . and ifmains in this position 
from ten to thirty seconds or uiorc. llie wiiiu' j>ads sci)a rating, aixl llw fnml pair sin 'lei i- 
ing at right angles from the body and ol)li(piei\- crossiiH: ilie hind jiair i iidnl is|)iecc. 
figs. 5 and <>). TIu'N' tiien graduall\- swell, and « luring' all I his I inic I he 1cl:s are Kcconi- 
ing firmer and assuming the ultimali' positions. Sud(h'niy ihc iniaL'-o Ixaids u|)\\ard 
with agood deal of effort, and, clinging with its legs (o the hrsi (.hjeci rcacjied. w heilwr 
leaf, twig, or its own sh(>ll. withdraws entirely from the exuxiuiu, and Jianirs id ihe 
lirst lim<' with its head u|) i front ispiecc, Ults. 7 and Si. Ndw the winu^ iicrci^pi ihly 
-well (frontispiece, iig. 8) and expand until they are full\- .-trelclnMl and haiii: flatly 
o\'er the back, perfectly transparent , with heautil'id white \ i-ining i frcmt i>i)iecc, \'\<^. 'h. 
As they dry they assume the roofed position (^fronlisi)iece, Iig. !()», and duriiiLr ihf ni-hl 
the natural colors of the species are gradually assumed ( front is])iece. liir. 1 I >. 
The time ie(|uired in the Iransformation \ai-ies, and. thongli t'^r the .-|»Iiitin- <>{ the 
skin and the lull stretching of the wings in the Hal posit ion the l inie is usually alxiuL 
twenty minutes, it may be. under precisely similar conditions. h\-e oi-sjx limesa.s long. 
But there arc few more beautiful sights than to see this fresh forming Cicada ]u all the 
different positions, clinging and clustering in great numbers to iheouisidf l^wii- haves 
and branches of a hirge tree. In the moonlight such a tree looks lor all the wDild as 
though it were full of beautiful white blossoms in various stages of expansion. 
A luoi-o realistic idea of llic important stages in this transformation 
is furnished })erhaps hy a series of })lioto^raphs kindly given to tlie 
writer 1)y .Mr. Robert A. Kemp, of iM'ederick, :\[(1. (.see PI. VT). A 
more natural j^osition is given if figs. 1 and 2 are turned so as to make 
the twigs p(Tp(Mi(li('u]ar rather than oblique. 
THE ADULT INSECT AND ITS HABITS. 
NUMBERS AND LOCAL DISTRIBUTION. 
In the ease of a well-esta])lished })rood under favorable conditions, 
the enorii.ous mimbers of these insects in the soil is most vividly 
conveyed b} tlie accoiupanyiiig ])hotograph (fig. 40) taken by ^Ir. 
Kemp in 1902 (Brood X), near Frederick, Md. Within the foot- 
s(|uare area in the center of the photograph are no less than S4 "^ 
openings, wbicli woidd indicate for the ground surrounding a I'aiily 
good-sized tree the emergence of from 30,000 to 40,000 Cicada ])ii])cC. ^ 
Mr. McCook took ihe trouble to count or estimate^ the burrows 
under various trees. I'nder one tree lie counted O.OOO burrows, and 
under another, a small birch, the numl)er of exit holes was esti- 
mated at 22,500; and sinc(^ many of tli(^ ])urrows interlaced under 
irround and several insects eniersxed iVoni tlie same opcninLT. e\'en 
these figures do not indicate the actual nimdx'r. In another case 
()f)S openings were counted in a sj)ace 10 by 4 feet, and 17 distinct 
openings in a sj)ace (> inches scpiare. 
Mr. Davis, referring to Brood II on Staten Island in 1894, says: 
About some of the trees the pupa shells became so numerous that they completely 
hid the ground itself. At dusk the sound of the many insects climbing up the tree 
