RESULT TO THK IM.ANT <>K < )\ I i'dSI TK >N. 107 
])roko from the main stems in tlic followini; ycarand fell i.. t lie i^roiind. i Inn fomplcicly 
donudintj the tr(M>s of their fruit-lx'arini: liranchcs." 
Peacll, ])oar, niul ;ii)j)I(> (r(H's sullVi- most, and even ^napcxiiics ai'<» 
often badly injuivd. Witli IViiit trees in vijrorous coiidil ion and lmow- 
in^:: rapidly. howevcM-. \\w wounds IkmiI in a few years so thai often the 
scars can scarcely he (l(d(H'l(sl; l)ii(, as shown hy Dr. A. I). Hopkins, 
witli recently transplanted trees, the growth of which is slow, and 
with the fruit inir and t(M-niinal branches of old trees which lack vi^or, 
the wounds often do not lu^il for many years. 
AnotluM- form of injury has been cliar<j:ed to tliis insect ])\' some 
of the earlier writers, viz, that ixHvr iillin<^ the twiirs with her cl-^l: 
clusters tlu^ f(Mnal(> completely or partly severs it, causino; it to break 
oH* and die. This o])inion is totally without foundation in fact, and is 
undoubt(Hlly based ])artly on the observation that many twiirs are 
broken by tlu^ winds and ])artly on a confusion of th(> work of the 
Cicada with that of certain ()ak-])runin<^ beethvs, which after ovij)osit- 
inir in the brandies, cut them nearly off, causino^ tliem to fall to the 
irround, thus furnishinir their larva? the dead or dyin^^ wood in whicli 
they develo}). 
The absurdity of the theory that the Cicada ])ur]K)S(dy cuts the 
limbs to weaken them and cause tluMu to break off is shown by the 
fact that wherever a liml) is broken, throui^h the weakenin^^ from 
excessive puncturing or other causes, and falls to the ground, th(> dry- 
ing up of the limb invariably causes the eggs to shrivel and die. The 
breaking off of limbs, therefore, is purely accidental, and is coniined, 
so far as due to the Cicada, to the smaller terminal twigs which have 
])een too thickly oviposited in, the female by so doing defeating h(>r 
own object. The ])r()portion of such broken and fallen twigs, whil(> 
often great (^nough to give the tree a deadened a])]Knirance, is small 
in com])arison with the many thicker and stouter limbs w hick remain 
attached, and ])robably more than 90 per cent of all the (''^iX^^, and 
more than 99 per cent of thosc^ that idtimatcdy hatch, are laid in 
twigs which never 1)reak off. though often much injureck A \'cry 
few young may come from twigs which are ])artly hi-okcn oil", but 
in such instances the flow of sap has not Ixh'ti entir(dy sto|)p(Mk 
The aft(>r efl'ecl of the cgLT l)unctures on the twigs is shown in the 
deformity which characterizes their subsecpient growth. In the 
process of healing the punctures tisually assume a wart or knot-kke 
a{)pearanc('. a> reprcscnte(l in liie accompanying illustration of an 
apj)le twig (tig. 42 j. The (dh'ct of |)unctures in hard-mai)le twigs after 
the lapse of seventeen years is shown in fig. 4.'^), and on various ])lants 
in Plate I (seep. k_M. t hese ilhist rat ions being kindly loaned me by Dr. 
Hopkins.'^ Though ultimate!}' healing over exteriorly with the growth 
ri T.intner. Second Report Insectn New York. p. 177. 
b Bulk-tin .50. \V. Va. Agi-. Exp. Sta., Pis. II and IV. 
