A SUCCKSSKrL SKVKNTKKN-YKAK HHKKI)IX(; l{K(«Hn». I IT) 
was foimd to !)(> tliicklv lillcd willi l:ii\a\ so iimcli x. tli;ii ;i vinM-],. 
sj)a(l('riil «)!' ca.rlh would often turn up half a do/cii or ni<iic. In tli<' 
s|)rill_i:: of lSi)7 \\\o lai"\a- had i-cachcd the foui'th >taL:'c and wnr ^lllj 
i very abundant in the soil. lOxannnat ions wci-e made fi<»ni linic Id 
tiiiio show inir thcNC lai'\a' to \)o still pi-cscni in t he >(»il ahoul i he t ices 
wluM'c the (\iri!;s had Ixhmi dist rihutcd, u-oini;- ihi'on^h the >l(i\\ piocctss 
of LTi'owth and transfoi-niat ion which ha> Ix-cn dc^crihcd cKcw here. 
That a suc('(^ssful outcome was sure to he had in (hi-- experinieiil was 
denionstratcMl in the (»arly sprini:: *>!' l-HH), the yeai- foi- the appearance 
of this hrood. tlu> u'round ahout the plant(Ml t I'ce^ exhihitiiiLT many of 
the exit iiolcs ol" the insects which -avc nnid(> to the surfac-e Ioiilt hef<'re 
the ins(H't emerges. These holes under ceiiain trees were so nmnerons 
as to indicate th(MMneri::enee of thousands of cicadas. I'lider one t I'ee 
a count and estimate were made of more than five thou>and openin^N, 
and under other trees the openmgs ranged from a lew hundred to from 
on(^ to thriM^ thousand. The actual emergence took place heiween 
May 14 and '21. The writer visited the grove on two exonini:.^ and 
witnessed the issuance of numbers of cicadas and collected some 
specimens. In s])ite, however, of the considerable number of cicadas 
which actually emerged, none was seen on the trees during the days 
and weeks following emergence. Each moi'ning about the phmted 
trees would lie found a consideral)le group of blackbirds ((^uiscdlus 
quiscula), which e\idently had be(Mi feasting on tlu^ newly-issued 
cicadas. The cast pupal shells were numerous on the truid^s of the 
trees and especially on the foliage, and also on the ground, l)ut scarcely 
a single Cicada escaped the sharj^ eyes of these l)irds, and the charac- 
teristic sonsr.was not heai'd durini:,' dune in this grove, althoui:h thou- 
>an(ls of adults had come forth. 
At nonc^ of the.examinations wei-(> Cicadas found of t his hi-ood under 
anv of the trees exce|)t when* eggs had been distributed, and no 
emergence holes appeared under other trees. 'Jdie recoi'd from th(> 
|)lanting to the emergence of this insect is therefore complete, and 
gives the demonstration by actual transfer and br<'eding record of the 
long j^eriod (jf the 17-year brood, a dcMuonstration which, as in(licate(l 
at the outset, was entirely unnecessary to show the correctness of this 
extraordinary hypogeal term. 
The absolute failure of these insects to establish themsel\-es when 
planted in such enormous numbers, and (»ven when the underground 
j)eriod had been successfully passed, owing to the relent le>> on-laught 
of birds, is a striking illustration of what is happening every year 
with the different broods in nature, especially in thinly forested 
regions, and accounts for their great reduction in number- and tlu^ 
j)ractical disappearance of many local swarms foinieily abundant. 
It also shows that there may be emergences in considerable naml>ers 
