144 THE PKKIODICAL CICADA. 
females will, however, oviposit on whitewashed twisrs if there is no 
other place for them. 
The experience reported ])y Mr. AV. B. Alwood " would seem to 
indicate that the injury from the Cicada in orchards is prevented by 
the use of Bordeaux mixture. The cicadas appeared in tidl force in 
a yount]^ orchard which had been sprayed with this mixture, but 
practically all mi^rrated elsewhere without ovipositing in the trees. 
Other orchards near the one referred to b}^ Mr. Alwood were badly 
punctured. In view of tliis experience it may be that Bordeaux 
mixture or the lime-sidphur wash will prove a valuable preventive of 
injur}' from tliis insect. 
PuKCAlTIONAIiY ^[EAS^•RES. 
In view of the difficulty of controlling tliis insect on a large scale 
after it has once emerged, it is well to adopt any precautionary 
measures that may tend to lessen or cUstribute the injury. The 
advent of all the large and well-recorded broods is commonly heralded 
in advance in the local papers by State entomologists or other per- 
sons who take interest in such recurrences. Forewarned in tliis way, 
much injury and loss may be avoided by neglecting all pruning 
operations during the winter and spring prior to the expected appear- 
ance of the Cicada in ordei' to offer a larg-er twig gro^^i:h and distrib- 
ute by this means the damage over a greater surface. Another pre- 
caution, when a Cicada year is expected, is to defer the planting of 
orchards, especially in the ^^iciiiit}" of old orchards or forest land, 
until the danger is past. The same advice applies to budding or 
grafting operations in the fall and spring prior to the Cicada's appear- 
ance. Much disappointment arising from injury to orchards or val- 
uable nursery stock may thus be avoided. Vigorous young trees 
will, it is true, often recover in three or four years from the effects 
of a loss of or injury to a considerable percentage of their branches, 
but it is difhcult to overcome the unsymmetrical appearance which 
will commonly result from the indiscriminate pruning caused by the 
work of this insect, and the gnarled and scarified branches will long 
bear testimony to the industry of the female insect. 
Much of the injury occasioned by the cutting of the twigs by the 
female Cicada in depositing her eggs can be remedied by subsequent 
pro])er treatment of the wounded plant. In the case of old trees, the 
main object to be secured is the rapid healing of the Avounds and the 
prevention of their being used as points of secondary attack b}^ other 
insects. The worst injured limbs in such trees should be cut out, so 
that all the vigor of the plant may be directed to the remaining wood. 
Any treatment also, as of thorough cultivation or the use of ferti- 
aProc. loth Ann. Mtg. Assn. Economir Entomologists, Bui. 40. Bur. Ent., p. 75. 
