TIIK CICADA IN MTKRATrUK. 151 
inferences, trivos \\ ith I'cinai-kahle accuracv and dctnil obsci-xnt ions on 
practically all of the features of tlu^ ins(>ct's life history and hahits 
Avliich are open to easy study, not onlv in its uiuhM-i.n-ound existence 
hut thr()u*::h()ut its transformation and a(M-ial \\l\\ Pi-oh'.ssoi- Poltei- 
was evidently fully aware, not only of the two distinct si/es or \ ariet ics 
of the Cicada hut also of the depth to wliich the larva^ ])enetrate and 
the fact of their forniin<j: roofs or turrets over their hurrows some t imc^ 
before the })eriod of their emergence — a record wliich lias Ix (>n hit heit o 
overlooked and the credit for this discovery assiojned to a nnich hi lei- 
period. 
In speaking thus most favorably of ProiVssor Potter's memoir it 
must not be forgotten that probably nuich of the actual observation 
and study upon which it is based are due to the researcli of Dr. Gideon 
B. Smith, of Baltimore, Md., who is given full credit in one of the 
introductory paragraphs, in these words: 
As (tur ]-)rofossional avocations would not permit us to devote our whole time to the 
pursuit, it became necessary to call in the aid of a colleague whose knowledge of ento- 
mology and industry could be relied upon. These qualifications were found and well 
exemplified in Mr. Gideon B. Smith. Should our labors reflect any light on so obscure 
a subject, the credit is equally due to him. 
These two men were the first to make a careful and at all complete 
study of the periodical Cicada, Professor Potter's interest in the sub- 
ject dating, he says, from 1783, and great credit is due them, and 
es])ecially to Doctor Smith, whose later work will be subsequently 
considered. 
Several brief accounts of the Cicada appeared in American and for- 
eign publications about this time, adding nothing, however, to the 
facts already obtained, the most notable perhaps being the account by 
J. O. Westwood in his '' Classification of Insects," " in which he refers 
to the literature and ha])its of the species veiy briefly. 
The next step of real importance was the discovery of a 13-year 
southern brood by Dr. D. L. Phares, of Woodville, Miss., and the 
publication of the fact in 1845 in the Woodville Republican. 
Both before and after this time Doctor Phires was in communica- 
tion with Dr. Gideon B. Smith, referred to above, whom he evidently 
ultimately convinced of the truth of the 13-year period for the south- 
ern broods. 
Doctor Smith continued for many years the work which he had 
begun as the colleague of Professor Potter, keeping his not(^s in the 
form of a rather voluminous manuscript, which was flrst prepared, 
he states, in 1834, tlH> date signed to Professor Potter's memoir. 
Doctor Smith twice entircdy rewrote and revised his manuscript, the 
title-page of the last cop}- reading as follows: 
The American Locust Cicada septendedm, et Iredeciin. Ivinbracing the natural 
history and habits of the insect in lis yx-rfect state and while underground, with 
" 1839-40, VmI. II. p. 426. 
