39 
From the table we find that the niiiiiinum total temperature is 209^-, 
the maxhnum 1,31)2 , and the average oi)'2'. The evidence given by 
this table is insufficient to warrant any definite conclusions. It is 
quite evident that there are other factors which have not been taken 
into account, of which moisture and unequal development of the larvte 
when the cocoon is spun are probably the most important. 
EFFECT OF THE INSECT UPOX THE FKUIT. 
The effect of the injury by the codling moth upon the fruit varies 
with the variety of the fruit and the season of the year in which the 
in]\uT is done. The attack of the larvae of the first generation usually 
causes the fruit to fall. A few of the fruits of fall and winter varie- 
ties, after having been injured, stay on the trees for the remainder of 
the season, but the early varieties fall quite rapidlv and readily. In 
all cases the effect of the injury is to cause the fruit to ripen prema- 
turely. The amount of the windfall of the late varieties depends in 
great measure upon the amount and violence of the wind. 
The effect of the injury upon the value of the fruit is variable. If 
the inside of the fruit is eaten out, it is valueless except for use as 
cider apples. When the injury consists of only a small defect on the 
exterior of the fruit, it may be graded as second, and is of considera- 
ble value. Fruits often bear very small spots where the larvt^ have 
pierced the skin but have failed to bore into the flesh of the apple. 
These spots do not materially injure the apple, and many of them are 
packed as first-class fruit. In cold storage apples which have been 
injured by the codling moth are the very first to ]>egin to rot, and are 
consequently sources of contamination to the surrounding fruit. 
THE PUPA. ^ 
The pupal stage of the codling moth is that stage in which the 
organs that are peculiar characteristics of the larva are broken down 
and worked over into the tissue of the adult. The pupa is about half 
an inch in length, and varies in color from yellow to brown. (UqxMul- 
ing upon age, and when the moth is about to emerge it has a distinct 
bronze color. The head, eyes, mouth parts. antenna\ legs, and wings 
of the moth are apparent in shcniths which urt^ inunovably attached to 
the })ody. The a])dominal segments, which are movable, are each 
armed with two rows of spines, except the ttMiuinal st'gnuMits. wliicii 
bear only one each. These spines point backward, and play an impor- 
tant part in the economy of the ins(^ct. The last abdominal segment 
has a number of long spines with hooks at the end. These hooks are 
fastened in the silk and aid the pupa in holding its place in the cocoon. 
EMERGENCE OF THE MOTH. 
After the })upa has thrust itself out of the cocoon, the pupal skin 
splits down the back, and the moth forces its way out by splitting 
