50 
b}" Professor Gillette and that the egg stage averages about 11 days; 
from the hatching of larvae to leaving the fruit, 20 days; from enter- 
ing the bands to emergence of moth, 22 days; from emergence of moth 
to middle of egg laying (estimated), 5 da3\s; making a total of 58 daj^s, 
or about 8 weeks. By adding together the shortest times and the 
longest times, respectivel}^, we find the minimum length of the life 
cycle to be 36 days and the maximum 100 days. This period of 55 to 
58 days having been obtained by these two widely different methods, 
they are probably not far from the correct average length of the life 
cycle of the codling moth. 
SEASONAL HISTORY. 
By following the development of the codling moth through the sea- 
son as caref ull}' as possible, we are enabled to throw more light upon 
the question of the nmnber of generations. Those larvte which have 
escaped their enemies during the winter, if left in the field, change to 
800 
600 
.•^"•^^n J ,r,J"^^,n J , AUG., ,J „ SEPT, 
n 
Oct. 
=F- 
:: 
HI 
100 
zoo 

^ 
'- : .■ ■. 1 i i i . ; , , 1 . ■ T , , . i , i 1 , , 1 , , , 1 , 1 ., , i , , , ; M 
ii 
Fig. 12.— Band record made by Prof, E. A. Popenoe, Manhattan, Kans., in 1890. 
pupas, according to Slingerland, just prior to the time when the apple 
trees are in bloom. He found the first pupae April 27, and hy the Tth 
of May about one-fourth had j^upated. In 1902 the writer found the 
largest number of pupae about the time the apples were in bloom. 
Some were found in rotten wood as late as June 10. The location of 
the larva has the greatest influence upon the period of pupation, those 
in warmer places pupating more quickly than those in colder situations. 
EMERGENCE OF THE MOTH. 
From the records of various writers, as compiled by Gillette, we 
find that the first moths appeared from April 21: in New Mexico to 
about May 16 at Corvallis, Oreg. Mr. McPherson records that in 1901 
he found a moth in the field in Idaho as early as April 23, and that 
the moths were most numerous about May 1. Mr. Hitt in breeding 
50 moths found that the first emerged May 5 and the last May 28. In 
1902 the writer found that the majority of the moths emerged between 
