58 
spring the stub began to crack and decay and the bark to loosen. 
Many codling-moth larvae crawled under the bark in the fall of 1901. 
The woodpeckers found this stub in the following winter and spring, 
and not only probably secured all the larvfe which were under the 
bark, but enlarged one of the main cracks in order to get those which 
were hidden inside. In the fall of 1902 all the bark had fallen from 
this stub and man}^ more larvae took refuge in the cracks. Upon 
examination, in May, 1903, the writer found that the crack had been 
recently enlarged, as is well shown in the reproduction. This recent 
enlarging was probably done mostly by the pileated woodpecker 
{Ceoplielus pileatus)^ as the chips broken out were quite large, and 
probabh^ required more strength than other smaller woodpeckers 
could muster. This stub was sawed from the tree and sent to the 
writer, and in the latter part of May the moths emerged, and 28 empty 
pupal skins were found on June 25. The writer estimates that fully 
100 larvffi hibernated in this stub. 
It is highl}^ probable that all woodpeckers feed on the codling moth 
larvae. Other birds, including the nuthatches, black-capped titmice, 
wrens, bluebirds, crows, blackbirds, kingbirds, swallows, sparrows, 
chickadees, and ja3^s, may also feed upon the codling moth, especially 
those birds which winter in the locality where the larvae are present. 
Without doubt the bobwhite quail, which has been introduced into 
many sections of the West, also feeds upon this insect. At best our 
knowledge of the food habits of manj^ of these birds in regard to the 
codling moth is based upon but little direct evidence; but reasoning 
from what we do know positively, there is little doubt that codling 
moths form a part of the diet of at least some of these birds. Not 
many years ago a movement was set on foot in the Pacific northwest 
to import the German kohlmeisen into this country, as it was said to 
feed largely upon the larvae of the codling moth; but because the bene- 
fits derived from the bird in its native home were not clearh^ proven, 
and that it sometimes injured fruit, and also on account of man}^ dis- 
astrous experiences in the importation of ])irds and mammals which 
have already been made, the majority of the authorities were con- 
vinced that it would be a dangerous experiment, and no further action 
was taken. The expenditure of time and money necessary to carry 
out such a project would probabl}^ be more beneficial if applied to the 
protection of our native birds. 
Koebele writes that in California he knows of man}^ small bats fly- 
ing around the apple trees in the evening, taking moths on the wing, 
and even darting down to take moths which were upon the leaves. The 
writer has often noticed bats flying about the apple trees, but was 
unable to obtain any evidence that they were catching codling moths. 
