59 
INVERTEBRATE ENEMIES. 
The writer has often found moths in limb cages dead with spiders 
silk wound around them, but made no further observations. The 
insect enemies of the codling moth are either predaceous or parasitic, 
and are quite numerous as to species, but are usualh' few as to individ- 
uals. A large number of predaceous insects in the larval stage have 
been observed feeding upon the codling moth, the following list being 
compiled from publications of various authors: 
CJiauUognathus pennsyhanicus. Pterostic/iu.i califomiciis. 
CJiauliognathus marginatus. Calallnus rufipes. 
Telephorus hilineatus. Derinestid. 
Trogosita cortlcaUs. Clerid. 
Trogrmta lai'icoUis. Chrysopa, 
Trogoderma tarsalis. Raphidid. 
Perim egato m a va riegata . 
In regard to many of these predaceous insects it is doubtful whether 
they feed upon the living codling moth larva or upon dead specimens. 
At best, thev do not reduce the number of the larva:* to any consider- 
able extent. In Utah a species of Annnophila was found stocking its 
burrows with larva? of the codling moth. It i> also recorded in Cali- 
fornia that Sphecius nevadetisis was found pulling the larvic out of 
their burrows. 
Man}' observers have found the Qg\i> parasitized by a species of 
Trichogramma. Even in its protected life the larva is preved upon 
by many parasitic insects, among which are the following: 
Goniozus sp. P'unpla aunulipe^s. 
Macrocentrus delicatus. Bethi/lus pp. 
The writer found traces of three species of parasitic Ilymenoptera 
which were preying upon the codling moth in the Pacitic northwest, but 
was unable to breed any of them. Among the Diptera only one para- 
site is mentioned, namely. IlypoKtena var'uib'dt^ 
In general it may be said that these parasitic insects are found in 
such numbers to be of vahu* oidy in neglected orchards, and in an}' 
orchard that is well taken care of. sprayeil. banded, and otherwise 
treated in preventi\-e and remedial wa\^. these predaceous and para- 
sitic insects are found in very small numbers or are entirely absent. 
Even with the host of enemies arraved aufainst it, the codlino* moth 
under normal conditions in the West will ruin practically all of the 
appl(* crop, and if success is to be ()l)tained i)roper measures of con- 
trol by human agencies must be instituted, and the parasitic and pre- 
daceous enemie.s left out of the ([uestion, except woodpeckers, which 
may be encouraged with protit. 
