61 
quality, size, and color. Although many of these questions are not 
closely allied to the control of the codling niotii. they are of impor- 
tance, as anything which increases the margin of profit aids in secur- 
ing better general results from an orchard. 
There are many methods of prevention which may he applied to 
keeping the insect out of a section of t-he country in which it is not 
yet present. By study of the means of its spread it will be learned 
how it ma}' have entered the country, and by closing all possible ave- 
nues of introduction immunity may be secured for many years: but 
if fruit is being continually shipped into a new country from an 
infested district, it is only a question of a few years when in spite of 
all that can i)e done the insect will gain a foothold. Whether it 
becomes injurious or the loss is nominal will depend upon many condi- 
tions. 
Many orchardists who have planted young orchards in infested 
districts are quite desirous of keeping the codling moth out of their 
orchards as long as possible, but if there are infested orchards near by 
this is a practical impossibility. It may be said that money and labor 
spent in keeping the insect out of a section or an orchard will accom- 
plish more good if directed toward the study of better orchard methods 
and adapting the measures of control to that section of the country. 
To insure the best results in the planting of a young orchard in an 
infested locality the codling moth should be considered from the very 
first, and everything that is done should be done only after taking into 
account the actual or probable presence of the insect. If note is taken 
of these methods and they are faithfully carried out. a great amount 
of labor and loss will be saved when the orchard is in bearing. There 
are manv questions which can be decided for each locality only after 
all the conditions over which the fruit grower has no control, such as 
transportation, exposure, temperature limits, and proximity to water, 
have been fully considered. Although the question of soils is veiy 
important, by appropriate methods the character of some soils can be 
materially changed, as by cultivation, cover crops, and other means. 
The first question which confronts a man wishing to plant an orchard 
is the question of varieties, which is one of the most diflicult problems 
to be solved. The soil, the climate, the purpose for which apples 
are grown, and various other factors, must be considered, each one 
having its own bearing upon the problem. If a home orchard, the 
likes and dislikes of the grower are the first consideration, but if the 
aim is to plant and maintain a ronunercial orchard, the question of 
varieties nuist be determined, tirst. by finding what varieties are well 
adapted to the locality in question. This can be learned by consulting 
the experiment station officials in the difierent States and from the 
experience of growers who have orchards in that locality. The next 
consideration is what varieties will meet the market demands and com- 
