62 
mand the highest prices. It is a well-known fact that in the arid 
regions of the Pacific Northwest the Jonathan, Grimes Golden, Kome 
Beaut}^ Ben Davis, Winesap, and a few others are the best adapted 
to a commercial orchard; while in the humid sections of the same 
region the Newtown Pippin, Spitzenberg, and a few others have proven 
most successf al. It might be well to note here, as has been stated 
before, that the Pewaukee and Ortley apples are always found worst 
infested with the codling moth, w hile the Law^^^er and Winesap are 
least infested. 
After it has been decided which varieties to plant, the next question 
is that of buying the stock. Good stock should always be insisted 
upon, and one can be sure of securing the desired varieties only 
by buying from well-established, conscientious nurserjmien. It is 
preferable in the arid region of the Northwest to plant 1-year-old 
stock. The land usualh^ has some vegetation upon it, such as sage 
brush or timber, and after clearing it the soil should be thoroughly 
pulverized. If irrigation is intended, the ground should be leveled 
and graded to facilitate irrigation. The courses of the irrigation 
ditches should be determined by the general contour of the land, tak- 
ing into consideration the future routes of the spraying machine, which 
wnll draw upon these ditches for water for spraying. 
SETTING THE TKEES. 
There are many methods which ma}^ be used for setting the trees, 
the details depending on the size of the orchard and the means at hand. 
The essential feature of the operation is to make the holes large 
enough to receive the roots of the tree, so that thej^ can still retain 
their natural position. After filling and packing earth into the holes, 
water should be allowed to run in, to aid in giving the trees a good 
start. 
It has been found that it is a ver}^ injurious practice to place any 
manure in the holes when the tree is planted. If manure is to be 
applied in the new orchard, the best method is to scatter it over the 
surface of the ground. 
Care should be taken to cause the trees to lean toward the south- 
west, from which the hottest ra} s of the sun come. B}^ doing so, sun 
scald will in a great measure be avoided. After sun scald the bark 
breaks, and the wood is exposed and becomes cracked and decayed. 
It has often been found that trees thus afi'ected ahva3^s bear a larger 
percentage of wormy apples than trees on which the bark is unbroken. 
This is accounted for by the fact that the codling moth larvae go 
into the cracks to spin their cocoons and are there secure from their 
enemies. 
It is a common sight in all sections of the countr}^ to see trees 
planted from 16 to 18 feet apart, with the upper branches intermin- 
