15 
Cooley reports an injury of 95 per cent in small home orchards in 
Helena. Mont. There are man}' regions in this faunal area in which 
the insect does about 25 per cent daniat.'-e. and for some reason, prob- 
ably climatic, the injury is reduced to almost nothing for sevei-al 
3'ears, after which the numbers of the insect gradually increase. 
Professor Aldrich records that in 1899 an early snowfall and low tem- 
perature at Moscow. Idaho, killed a great many of the larva*. There 
are many other localities in the Pacific Northwest where the codling 
moth either has not been introduced or has not thrived, and in which 
the injury is nominal. 
In man}' regions where the transition zone is pierced 'oy valleys of 
the upper Sonoran zone the orchards near the canyons suffer nuich 
greater injury than those more remote therefrom. Professor Piper 
has noted several cases in which this was true, and in one the damage 
was 75 per cent or over. 
THE PACIFIC COAST TKANSITIOXAL AREA. 
This area includes those portions of Oregon and AVashington be- 
tween the Coast Mountains and the Cascade Range, yjarts of northern 
California, and most of the coast region of the State from near Cape 
Mendocino southward to the Santa BarV)ara Mountains. In Oregon 
varying percentages of injury have been reported, ranging from a nom- 
inal loss to 75 per cent. In the Hood Kiver Valley in some cases it is 
greater than this, with an average, perhaps, of about 25 to 9U percent. 
rrPEK AUSTRAL ZONE. 
The upper austral zone is divided into two areas by reason of the 
greater humidity of the eastern portion. 
THE CAKULIXIAX FAUNAL AREA. 
This area includes the great apple regions of the Central States and 
many smaller portions of the Eastern States. Many entomologists 
have reported injury in these areas as ranging from 3U or 50 percent 
to practically lOU per cent. 
CPFEK JSONORAX FAUXAI. AREA. 
This area includes that portion of the upper austral zone west of 
the one hundredth meridian. From manv countinirs and estimates 
from various sources we find that in badly infested districts the injury 
varies from S<> to 95 per cent under normal conditions, and it is very 
common to find the loss reach lOU per cent. 
L(^WKK AUSTRAL ZONE. 
In tliis zone there are only a few localities where apples are grown 
on a commercial scale. Under normal conditions in badlv infested 
