13 
of certaint}' exactly what has })r()Uoht ahoiit this chanjic is impossible 
from the data at himd. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
The original home of the codling moth is not definitely known, but 
is supposed to be southeastern Europe, the home of the apple. It has 
followed the distribution of the apple closel}' until it is now present, 
with but few exceptions, in all countries where apples are grown. It 
has spread over Europe, and is present as far as the apple region 
extends in Siberia. It was noted in Australia about 1855, Tasmania 
about 1861. New Zealand in 1871, South Africa about 1885. and Zeller 
received it from Brazil in 1891. 
Mr. C L. Marlatt reports that he did not observe this insect in 
either eJapan or China in his extended travels in those regions. Mr. 
George W. ("ompere also states that he has never observed it in China. 
Prof. A. B. Cordley states that this insect has reached China. Evi- 
dently some correspondent of his has reported it as present in that 
country. As apples are being continualh' shipped to both Japan luid 
China, it is but a question of a few years when it will either be intro- 
duced or become injurious in the orchards of those countries. 
Extended researches of many investigators have failed to give date 
or detinite information as to the time and manner of introduction of 
the codling moth into America. For a long time injury to the apple 
by this insect was thought to be the work of the plum curculio: and 
it was not till J 819 that the codling moth was reared from wormy 
apples by Burrell. It was evidently quite well distributed in the 
eastern United States before its work was identilied, as there are but 
few records of its spread. In 181M it was a serious pest in New Eng- 
land and central New York. About 1860 it invaded Iowa. For many 
3'ears it has been a serious pest in Canada. Mr. Alexander Craw 
stated in 1893 that the insect was first introduced into California by 
means of some fruit l)rought from the East to Sacramento for exhibi- 
tion purposes in 1S7'2. No measures were taken to destroy the insects 
in this fruit, and two years later its presence in abundance wus noted. 
Later it was rapidlv distri))uted over the State, aided by the system of 
returning boxes. Dr. C. V. Riley mentions in 1876 that this insect 
was then present in Itah. where it had evidently been introduced a 
3'ear or two previously. 
From these points of infestation the codling moth spread over the 
Western States. Prof. J. M. Aldrich states that it has been known in 
the Clearwater Valley in Idaho since 18S7. Mr. I. L. Tiner. of l>oise. 
states that in 1887 he found the tirst indication of this insect at 
Boise, Idaho. Mr. Thomas Davis, of Boise, states that it was intro- 
duced into his orchai-d at about the same time. 
