65 
There are many preventive* measures which may be applied to the 
orchard when it is in bearing. 
It is a well-known fact that an orchard which produces a niodei*ate 
crop each year is much more profitable than one which produces an 
abnormally large crop one season and a very small one the next. B}' 
thinning each year this alternation may be prevented to some extent. 
The writer is very strongly of the opinion that if thinning is done 
when the larva? of the lirst generation are in the fruit, and the fruit 
and \mvx destroyed, the advantages thereby gained are sufficient to 
compensate for the expense of thinning. 
It is easy to see how the destruction of part of the tirst generation 
will prevent much of the injury due to the second genei*ation, which is 
about ten times that by the tirst generation. It is difficult for the 
orchardist to determine by observing the entrance holes about what 
time the insects are inside the fruit. In thinning, all terminal clusters 
should be reduced to one fruit, and none should be allowed to "grow 
closer together than from 4 to ♦> inches. During the process of thin- 
ning, with but little increased expenditure of time or money, the 
wormy fruits can be removed and the perfect left on the tree. 
Throughout the season a large number of fruits will drop from the 
tree to the ground. Upon examination it will be foimd that under 
normal conditions the larger percentage of these are the result of the 
work of the codling moth. The percentage varies, however, with 
many conditions. If a tree is heavily loaded, a large number of good 
fruits will be pushed off hy those adjoining, and the wind will cause 
many to fall. The quantity of windfalls increases throughout the 
season. 
The percentage of the larvte to be found inside the wormy fruit 
varies with the time of the year. In the Pacitic Northwest the 
latter part of June and the tirst part of July and the latter part of 
August are the times when the largest number of larva' are found 
inside the wormy windfalls. In a small orchard these windfalls can 
be destroyed by allowing hogs to run at large in the orchard and eat 
the fallen apples: or the windfalls may be picked u\) every few days 
and either made into cider or destroyed. In a large commercial 
orchard, however, it is not probable that the expense of keeping the 
ground clear of windfalls would ))e justitied ))y the benetits derived, 
although such ])enetits would undoubtedly be great. 
rKKPAHINC FlUIT FOR TlIK MAKKKT. 
The method of packing which is now coming into use is to pack the 
fruit in the orchard, u>ing packing tables built upon runners. These 
are hauled down a row, stopping at intervals. Two rows are picked 
on either side of the table, and the fruit is carried from the trees to 
the tables by the pickers. The fruit is there graded and packed, and 
651.1: — No. 41 — 03 5 
