66 
the culls are left in piles in the orchard. The advantages of this 
method of packing are man3\ The fruit is handled but once, and 
is not hauled any distance until it has been securely packed, and the 
danger of breaking the skin or bruising is reduced to a minimum. 
The picking and packing crews also work as smaller units, and can be 
more easily directed and do far better work. The codling moth larvae 
in the culls, after completing their development, will, if allowed to do 
so, spin their cocoons among the apples in the piles. (See PI. XV I.) 
Fruit may be well grown, well colored, and of proper varieties, but 
if not well packed these conditions are nullified. Apple growers in 
the Far West are confronted with rather special problems. B}^ reason 
of their distance from the large markets of the United States, the 
price they would receive for second-quality fruit w^ould hardly be 
sufficient to pa}^ the expense of growing, packing, and shipping, and it 
is incumbent upon them to ship nothing except that which is strictly 
first class, packed in strictly first-class manner. The cost of transpor- 
tation, prevailing market price, and size of crop, however, must be 
taken into consideration. 
The methods of packing depend upon the kind of package used. 
Eastern grown apples are usually packed in barrels. From Colorado 
and Montana Avestward boxes containing either 40 or 50 pounds are 
almost universally used. Some are even going further, using small 
packages containing half bushels of superior fruit. There are many 
methods of packing the fruit in these boxes, as ma}^ be required b}^ 
the purchasing dealers. In all cases it is highly essential that the fruit 
be packed so tightly in the box that there can be no shifting of posi- 
tion Avhile in transit; that there be a decided swell in the boxes on both 
top and bottom if they are made of thin and fiexible wood, as is 
usually the case in the West; that the paper lining of the box remain 
unbroken, and that when the fruit is opened it will be attractive to 
the bu3"er. 
The more progressive fruit grower is well aware of the fact that 
a reputation for first-class fruit can be obtained and secured only 
b}^ packing such fruit and rigorously excluding all wormy or scale- 
infested apples. Although it is extremely difficult for a packer to 
put up a box of apples containing not a single wormy fruit, it should 
be firmly impressed upon his mind that is the ideal to be attained. 
The second-quality apples, which are usuall}^ disposed of in the 
local markets, are those but slightly injured by the codling moth, or 
undersized or uncolored. The culls and windfalls should be piled 
together and disposed of as quickly as possible. They may be either 
fed to stock immediately or made into cider for vinegar. The value 
of these culls is considerable, and progressive orchardists count a 
good deal on the revenue derived from them. From the seconds, 
culls, and windfalls in one orchard with which the writer is familiar 
