67 
5,000 gallons of cjder woro made, whicli sold for as lii^li as 20 cents 
per gallon. One bushel of apples made from 2^ to y>i: gallons of 
cider, by means of a hydraulic press run })y the gasoline engine used 
in spra^ang. 
If it is not possible to dispose of the culls otherwise, they should 
be buried in holes in the orchard and covered over Avith 6 to 8 inches 
of closel}^ packed earth. (PI. VI, fig. 2.) Occasions may arise when 
it is necessary to store these for some time, although the storing of 
such fruit should be avoided if possible. 
Fruit should be stored in a house in which there are no holes or 
cracks in the roof or walls. When the larvte inside the fruit have 
completed their development they spin cocoons and transform into 
pupa3, which in turn transform into moths. These moths emerge, 
and if there are cracks or holes in the house they will escape and fly 
to the orchard the follow^ing spring. If, how^ever, the house is tight 
it may be fumigated; or, better still, screens may be placed over the 
windows, and as the moths collect upon these screens, they may be 
crushed, or they will die if left a week or so. 
The writer studied two cases in Idaho in which apples wxre stored 
quite near an orchard. (PI. IV, figs. 2 and 3.) The effect was that 
the following year the part of the orchard nearest the apple house 
was always most infested, and in spite of all the remedial measures 
applied there w^as a great amount of damage. In California it was 
found by Mr. De Long that in a house in which apples were stored 
the moths alwaj^s emerged and went to the windows. Kecords were 
kept of these insects, and it was found that 11,971: moths were killed 
from April 15 to August 12. One can easily imagine Avhat destruc- 
tion these moths would have caused had they been allowed to fly to 
the orchard. 
PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN OLD ORCHARDS. 
In all sections of the country old neglected orchards are easily found 
in which practically all of the fruit is infested ])v the codling moth. 
The Avriter is quite familiar with two typical orchards, one of which is 
situated in an irrigated section of the far West and the other in a 
humid section of the East. Although the climatic and other conditions 
are quite ditt'erent the two orchards have many featuivs in t'omnion. 
The western orchard consists of about 300 trees about 18 or 20 
3^ears old, planted about 1(5 feet apart each way. The branches of 
each tree touch those of the surrounding trees so as to form a dense 
mass of branches and foliage. Theformer owner of the orchard, flnd- 
iiig that the codling moth destroyed the larger part of the fruit, oavo 
the orchard no irrigation, and in cohsihiucmuh* the tnnvs are in a more 
or less stunted condition. The l)ranches are thickly matteil too-other, 
having never been pruned. The trunks and branches of the trees are 
