68 
covered with rough scales of bark, and where branches have been cut 
away the stubs remain, with irregular cut ends, the branches hav- 
ing been hacked oS with an ax. These stubs have in many places 
cracked and begun to decay, thus making excellent places in which the 
larva? of the codling moth could spin their cocoons and hibernate. 
The writer once secured 20 larvae from the holes and cracks in one of 
these stubs. The cut ends were not given proper ^""ressing and decay 
has taken place, often leaving large holes in the trunks and branches. 
Many cocoons can be found in this rotten wood, and on all the trunks 
and branches one can lind numerous empty pupal skins from which 
moths have emerged. The soil of the orchard has received no cultiva- 
tion and is covered partly with weeds, principally prickly lettuce. 
The orchard is very productive and always bears a good quantity of 
fruit, but, being undersized and from 90 to 9S per cent infested by the 
codling moth, practically no revenue has been derived from it for the 
past live or six years. In 1900, 1901, and 1902 the writer searched 
carefully for uninfested fruit, and each time found on the tree near the 
trunk only a dozen or so small stunted apples which had escaped the 
codling moth. Other insect pests are present in this orchard, each 
requiring special treatment. 
The eastern orchard is situated in a good horticultural region. The 
trees number about 300, and are probably about twenty-five years old. 
They are placed 10 feet apart, and have made a good growth. The 
trees have received some pruning, but as in the western orchard there 
are man}^ stubs left, and there are numerous decayed holes in the 
trunks and branches. In many trees the branches are matted together 
and shade the fruit. The soil is in fairly good condition and lightly 
sodded. Until the ])ast two or three years the orchard has been 
remarkable for its productiveness, but a large percentage of the fruit 
was small and much the larger part of it was infested with the larvae 
of the codling moth. 
The treatment that these orchards should receive to bring the cod- 
ling moth under control is about the same. It may be stated that if 
the preventive measures advised for a young orchard had been faith- 
fully and intelligently carried out man}^ of the existing conditions 
would not have been present. 
TREATMENT OF OLD ORCHARDS. 
The first thing to be done to old orchards is to prune the trees in 
such a manner that the sunlight and spraying solutions will have easy 
access to the foliage and fruit. Every other tree in the western 
orchard should be cut down. The stubs of branches should be sawed 
off close to the trunks and burned in order to destroy the hibernating 
larvae contained in them, and the cut ends remaining on the tree cov- 
ered with shellac varnish or grafting wax. The holes in the trunks 
