69 
and branches should be filled with cement, plaster, or clay, in order 
that the insects inside niay be confined and die. and that other larvte 
later in the season will be unable to enter to spin their cocoons. The 
rough bark on the trunks and branches should be scraped awa}' and 
burned. 
In both of these orchards it is a noticeable fact that the woodpeckers 
have been very efficient in digging out the hibernating larva*. (PI. 
VIII.) It has been often noted by authors that early in the spring it 
is almost impossible to find larva? of the codling moth under the 
rough bark and other exposed places in badly infested orchards. 
Instead of finding the cocoons with the larva^ inside, one will find 
empty cocoons with a hole through the bark of the tree, showing that 
the insect has fallen prey to woodpeckers. All places in which the 
larva? might spin cocoons should be destro^^ed or rendered unsuitable, 
and the larvae forced to spin cocoons in exposed places where the wood- 
peckers and other birds can get them. 
The soil in these two orchards should receive about the same treat- 
ment, except that irrigation should be begun in the western orchard. 
Thev should both receive a ver}' shallow cultivation for about one 
year, with a dressing of manure. The cultivation should be so shal- 
low as not to injure any of the roots, which may be quite near the 
surface. The second year, red clover, cowpeas, or some other legu- 
minous cover crop should be sown, and every third year this may be 
turned under, thus adding available plant food to the soil. When 
these methods are followed the recommendation given for an orchard in 
l)earing should be adopted. At best the preventive measures can not 
control the insect in an orchard. ])ut they are valual)le adjuncts which 
render the measures more efficient. 
REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
Remedial measures against the codling moth are those measures 
from which little or no benefit is derived except in saving fruit from 
the ravages of the insect by killing it. 
MEASURES OF LITTLE OR NO VALUE. 
The codling moth seems to have been common in orchards for many 
centuries, but no one made any suggestions as to how its ravages 
might be checked. The first reconunt^ndations made were of no value, 
aiul it is interesting to note how thoe i-econuuiMidations have recurred 
at various periods in popular writing>. Many of these riMuedie>, 
having little or no value, are takcMi up by companies, given all the 
benefit of modern advertising methods, and thoroughly distributed 
before the fruit growers beconu> aware of their worthlessness. In 
order that the fruit ui'owcr mav know what not to do as well as what he 
