72 
It has been suggested tlmt the codling moth might be controlled by 
'bacterial and fungous diseases. From the facts that the insect leads 
such a protected life and that fungi and bacteria have given so 
few positive results in this connection it is almost useless, Avith our 
present knowledge, to even theorize upon the value of these agencies. 
In general it ma}^ be stated that entomologists have at all times 
tried experiments with these different plans and are unanimous in 
their conclusions. If anything new and efficient is ever perfected by 
which this insect ma}^ be more easily controlled, no doubt entomolo- 
gists will be its lirst advocates. 
MEASUEES OF VALUE. 
By taking into consideration all the habits and variations of habits 
of the codling moth in its different stages we find that, like other 
insects, there are certain stages in its life history in which it is more 
amenable to remedial measures than at others. We find that it can be 
best attacked in the larval stage, although some experiments indicate 
that something can be done when it is in the Qg^ stage. Cook found 
that by spraying an apple tree weekl}^ from May 15 until the end of 
June with a strong soap solution he succeeded in preventing the infesta- 
tion of a single apple by the larva?. In laboratory experiments with 
kerosene emulsion Card secured good results against the eggs. Gillette 
also obtained good results with kerosene emulsion. The results of 
these experiments have never been put to practical use for many rea- 
sons. The kerosene emulsion would probably be so strong, in order 
to have an}^ effect on the egg, that it might injure the tree. The 
kerosene would eva])orate quickly, and thus its effect would be for 
but a short time. The expensiveness of kerosene in the West, and 
the number of times the spraying would have to be made to be 
efficient, would prohibit the adoption of this method. The insect can 
be more easily attacked, at less expense and with greater effectiveness, 
in the larval stage. 
MEASURES USED AGAINST THE LARVA. 
The remedial measures used against the larva vary according to 
whether they are used after it has been hatched and before or while it 
is entering the apple or after it has completed its growth and left the 
fruit. The greater effectiveness is secured by the use of arsenical 
sprays before the larva has entered the fruit. The effectiveness of 
these arsenical spravs against the codling moth was discovered by 
accident in 1872. Le Baron recommended the spraying of trees with 
Paris green to check the ravages of the canker worm, which recom- 
mendation was adopted in man}^ orchards with great success. Profes- 
sor Slingerland states that the credit of this discover}^ belongs to Mr. 
E. P. Haynes and Mr. J. S. Woodward, who found that spraying with 
