83 
these compounds/' The fact should ))e firmly impressed upon all those 
who have anything to do with these solutions that they are of the most 
poisonous nature. All packages, boxes, or bottles containing the 
materials should be plainly labeled and kept insecure places which can 
l)e locked. The utensils in which the mixtures are prepared should 
he thoroughly cleansed or kept in some secure place, so that no mis- 
take can occur in using them for other purposes. 
COST OF SPRAYING. 
The cost of spi'aying is so small when compared with the benefits to 
be obtained that we can say it is the very best investment the grower 
can make. As with other farming operations, the first year will be 
more expensive than succeeding 3'ears, as b}^ experience the fruit 
grower will be able to reduce expense considerably without impairing 
efficiency. It is a vorv difficult task to estimate the cost of spraying, 
for many factors enter into the problem. The initial cost of the outfit 
varies from Slo to 875 for hand-power outfits and from ^260 to ^'275 
for gasoline outfits. These outfits can be used for many years, and 
the parts of the gasoline outfit can be used for other purposes. The 
cost for spraying material amounts to little. 
The cost of the difierent spraying materials will vary with the 
difierent sections of the country, according to the freight rates and 
the quantities purchased b}' fruit growers. Where a large amount of 
(' Although no accidents are known to have occurred from the use of arsenicals in 
spraying, it is well to know what to do in case of accidental poisoning. If evil 
effects are noted in the case of persons who constantly handle these poisons, a physi- 
cian should be consulted. If by any mistake or carelessness a small quantity is swal- 
lowed, an antidote should be employed without delay. The following extract in 
regard to antidotes for arsenic poisoning is taken from Poisons: Their Effect and 
Detection, by A. W. Blyth: 
"In any case where there is opportunity for immediate treatment, ferric hydrate 
should be administered as an antidote. This converts the soluble ai-senic acid into 
the insoluble ferric arsenate, the ferric oxid l)eing reduced to ferrous oxid. It is neces- 
sary to use ferric hydrate recently prepared, for if dried it changes into an oxyhydrate, 
or even if kept under water the same change occurs, so that after four months the 
power of the moist mass is reduced to one-half and after five months to one-fourth. 
When once the poison has been removed from the stomach by absorj^tion into the 
tissues the administration of the hydrate is absolutely useless. 
"Ferric hydrate is i)rei)ared by adding stnuig ammonia to the solution or tincture 
of ferric chlorid found in every chemist's shoj), care being taken to add no excess of 
caustic ammonia." 
Lime water may also be used as an antidote, but it is not so effective :u< ferric 
hydrate. It is understood that after the antidote some emetic, such as mustard or 
warm water, should be administered immediately. Persons who use great quan- 
tities of arsenites in spraying, and who are some distance fn>m drug stores, are 
advised to keep a small bottle of each of the chemicals named to use in making the 
ferric hydrate. In preparing ferric hydrate continue to add the ammonia until, 
after being well shaken, a faint odor of ammonia c;m be observed. 
