96 
it was probably more efficient on that account. After the first genera- 
tion of the larvae had entered the fruit, it was found that there were 
not over 3 to 5 wormy apples per tree. Harvesting- was begun in 
October, and at that time it was found that in the Jonathan section, 
which consisted of al)out 900 trees, there were 4,700 boxes of first-class 
fruit packed. Of culls and windfalls there were about 900 boxes, of 
which, from numerous counts, it was estimated that about one-half, or 
9 per cent of the entire crop, were infested. 
Mr. McPherson's and Mr. Geckler's orchards are types of old com- 
mercial orchards in which the trees are large and the infestation bad. 
It was onh' with difficult}^ that remedial measures could be applied 
efficiently, as preventive measures had been neglected. In both 
instances, on account of the height of the trees and their closeness, 
the sprays could not be well applied. Mr. Geckler estimated his loss 
as high as 50 per cent, while Mr. McPherson lost as high as 30 per 
cent on the same varieties. In both of these orchards there is a con- 
stant supply of insects from other orchards, and their control requires 
?'adical application of preventive and remedial measures. 
Mr. J. A. Fenton estimates that his crop was only about 15 per cent 
injured in 1902, he having used bands and spraying. ^Ir. I. L. Tiner, 
who has a small orchard in the cit}^ of Boise, estimated that he saves 
about 80 per cent of his fruit each year. Mr. Gus Goeldner, near 
Boise, estimates that he saves 90 to 95 per cent of his fruit each year. 
In many sections of the West estimates have been made l)v fruit grow- 
ers in which the^^ sa}^ they save from 85 to 98 per cent of their fruit. 
Sometimes these estimates are obtained from countings, but more 
often they can not be relied upon, the fallen fruit not having been 
taken into consideration. 
The results of practical tests in these orchards show that with 
four or five thorough sprayings, preferably by a gasoline-power out- 
fit, from al)out 85 to 95 per cent of the fruit can be saved from 
the codling moth. By a series of applications of these measures even 
this margin of loss may be reduced; but the saving of 90 per cent of 
the fruit under present conditions may be considered a solution of the 
problem. 
RESUME AND CONCLUSION. 
The codling moth, which is now a cosmopolitan insect, was intro- 
duced into the Pacific northwest about 1880. On account of the warm 
climate two overlapping generations are produced, and if proper meas- 
ures of control are neglected the insect, under normal conditions, will 
infest practically the entire apple crop of man}^ localities. 
The preventive measures are fully as important in controlling this 
insect as the remedial measures. 
