26 
cocoons at the surface of the apples, but the moths were unable to 
escape. Larvae put in the earth remain a longer time in the cocoon 
than they otherwise would. 
Banding. 
When the larvae leave the apples and seek a place in which to spin 
their cocoons another point of attack may be taken advantage of by 
furnishing a suitable place for the spinning of the cocoons and by kill- 
ing the worms after they have entered the place. This object is accom- 
plished by placing cloth bands from 8 to 10 inches wide around the 
trunks of the trees. If the trees are large, each of the larger branches 
may also be banded. The bands may be made of any heavy fabric, 
such as burlap, old clothes, old carpet, etc. The band should be folded 
once lengthwise and placed around the trees about 1^ to 2 feet from 
the ground. After placing the band around the tree, a small nail 
should be driven through the ends firmly into the tree. The head of 
the nail should be nipped off. Subsequent removal and replacing of the 
bands may be done more quickly by this method of fastening. 
The number of worms caught under these bands is sometimes aston- 
ishing. (PL IV, fig. 2.) It is quite common to find, during a maximum 
period, from 50 to 100 each week for two or three weeks under the 
band on a single large tree. The highest number Professor Aldrich 
records as caught on one tree from July 7 to October 15 is 191. Under 
neglected bands as inairy as 200 have been found at one time. It is 
found in orchards that have been sprayed and banded that, in Septem- 
ber or the first part of October, the worms are very scarce, thus in a 
way showing the efficiency of the methods. 
Apparently banding is one of the most effective methods, and there 
are two highly essential features that can not be emphasized too 
strongl} T : (1) All places suitable for spinning cocoons other than bands 
must be removed or rendered unsuitable. The loose bark should be 
scraped from the tree, all holes and cracks in the trees should be filled 
with mud or cement, and the earth around the trees should be kept 
moist during the periods when the worms are most numerous. (2) At 
regular intervals the bands must be examined and all the larvae and 
pupae killed. The interval between examinations of the bands recom- 
mended heretofore has been six or seven days. During the summer 
of 1901 the writer, by numerous experiments and observations, found 
that every ten or eleven days is often enough to kill the worms. This 
extension of time between the changing of the bands reduces the cost 
of banding considerably, as instead of 11 or 15 changes of bands there 
is need of only 10 or 11. 
Many methods have been devised for killing the larvae, but the most 
rapid and effective is either to crush them or cut them in two with a 
knife. 
