54 
The Evolution of Arjvicidtural Implements. 
draught of wheel-ploughs is claimed to be less than that of 
swing-ploughs, although certain experiments of the Ayrshire 
Agricultural Association, made at Rozelle in 1843, have proved 
that some of the best English ploughs draw as light without 
their wheels as with them. 
Turmvrist-ploughs, sometimes called “ one-way ploughs,” 
because they turn their furrows in one instead of alternately 
opposite directions, are made on four different plans. 1. The 
mould board turns over from left to right, and vice versa, as in 
the American hillside-plough. 2. One or more plough bodies 
revolve on an horizontal axis, forming the beam, one set standing 
vertically while the other is at work. 3. Two or more right- 
and left-hand plough bodies are balanced, as in Fowler’s well- 
known steam-plough, and used in the same manner. 4. Two 
ordinary plough bodies, a right- and left-hand one, are placed 
back to back with the ends of their mould boards almost in con- 
tact. Both mould boards are attached to a frame supported on 
a central wheel which acts the part of a slade, and upon which 
the two plough bodies are balanced. The handles and beam 
are pivoted to a vertical stud rising from the centre of the 
plough frame already described. They can thus be swung 
round horizontally, while the ploughs themselves remain 
stationary, looking in opposite directions. Catches, under the 
control of the ploughman, are provided to fix the handles in the 
proper position for ploughing in either direction, and, when the 
implement has arrived at the end of the furrow, the horses, in 
the act of turning, bring these into line for the return journey. 
This plough, patented by Muriston in 1876, is really a modifi- 
cation of, and improvement upon, a clever turnwrist-plough 
first introduced in 1814 by Lowcock, a village ploughwright, of 
IMarldon, Devon. 
Something has already been said of the double-furrow 
ploughs, whose rise so singularly distinguished the last century. 
These, for the reasons already cited, had long passed out of use 
and been forgotten when Pirie’s plough appeared in 1868. 
This well-known implement consists of two plough bodies 
carried on a wrought-iron frame, supported by three wheels, of 
which two, having oblique axles and “ V”-shaped tyres, run, one 
in the furrow and one on the land. The leading furrow wheel is 
steered by a lever and plough handles are dispensed with. The 
treads of the furrow wheels are brought, by means of their 
inclined axles, into the angle of the furrow usually occupied by 
the slade, and the plough rolls, instead of sliding, forward, with 
the result that two furrows are cut almost as easily as one by 
the common plough. 
