liecent Agricultural Publications. 
411 
and movements “upon place,” that is, not involving progression, 
and the other with the mode of progression, or gaits of the horse. 
The illustrations, many of them from instantaneous photographs, are 
here particularly helpful. The authors discuss rearing, kicking, the 
amble, pacing, the trot (broken trot, flying trot, rocking, skipping, 
the canter, running walk), the walk (backing), the gallop, leaping 
(bounding and bucking). The defects in the gaits which are noticed 
include dragging the toe, excessive knee-action, pegged shoulders, 
string-halt, rotating hocks, forging, rocking, strain of the loins, 
paddling, interfering, and lameness. With regard to lameness, we 
cannot forbear quoting the following : — 
“ Recognittox of the Lame Member. — To arrive at this result necessi- 
tates an examination of the subject at rest, in the walk, and in the trot. In 
each instance he must be led by the hand with a strap, or be mounted. 
“ a. At rest, we notice if the position of the members is regular or irre- 
gular. Sometimes the diseased member is can-ied in advance of its vertical 
axis, which is expressed by saying that the horse yjowis ; sometimes it is 
placed under the centre of gravity, or, again, is abducted from its verti- 
cal axis. Sometimes it rests upon the ground with the toe, or is held alto- 
gether in the air. At other times it undergoes isochronous movements, being 
incessantly rested and elevated, especially if the pain is great ; the litter is then 
pawed back and trampled into a heap ; the corresponding shoe, in certain 
cases, presents a polish which is not seen in that of the other members. 
'■ b. It is necessary now to observe the horse m action. In this process he 
is led at a walk by the hand, with the precaution of not giving him too 
much liberty, and, at the same time, without furnishing any support to the 
movements of the head. The veterinarian stations himself in such a manner 
as to see the movements successively from in front, from behind, and in pro- 
file from the two sides. If the lameness is slight the walk is insufHcieut to 
show it, and the animal must be trotted. 
“ The irregularity of locomotion, in the latter gait, is rendered more evident 
on account of the stronger concussion against the soil. It is for this reason 
that a lameness which was not visible in the walk becomes apparent in the 
trot. 
“ Having seen the animal trot in a straight line, it is sometimes well to 
turn him around a circle, with a view of surcharging the particular lateral 
biped. Finally, he is rapidly turned from side to side, in such a manner as 
to see whether the elevation of the diseased member is more rapid and its 
contact with the ground more painful than that of the healthy member. 
“ c. The choice of the surface over which the horse is moved must be consi- 
dered. A horse which appears sound may, at times, limp if he suddenly 
passes from a dirt road to a hard pavement. Likewise, it is not rare to see 
the lameness augment in intensity if the test takes place upon a ploughed 
field or some other soft surface. The horse, in this case, is obliged to use 
greater muscular efforts, which means more pain, in elevating his members 
and disengaging them from the soil into which the feet bury themselves.” 
The fifth section relates to the age of the horse as determined by 
the teeth and other indications. The sixth section is occupied with 
considerations relative to the description and identification of the 
horse. With reference to the colour of the coat — black, sorrel, 
Isabel, bay, mouse colour, and fox colour are described as primitive 
coats, because they are such as the foal has at birth ; grey, white, 
flea-bitten, and roan as derived coats, being due to the subsequent 
