Cottarie Sanitation. 
649 
renewed eveiy month, and if the charcoal is heated to redness, 
it is pm’ified and can be used again. 
A very simple and efficient filter can be made (fig. 13) of 
porous sandstone. Dr. Mitchell Wilson describes it thus, as 
used in his district : — 
“ A block of sandstone, circular in section, about a foot in 
diameter, and a foot and a half in depth, and slightly tapei’ing 
towards the bottom, is hollowed out so as to leave a thickness of 
stone of 2^ to 3 inches. This contrivance is of considerable 
weight, and is supported on a wooden stand. Under it a dish is 
placed to catch the filtered water. It can be readily cleaned 
by rubbing with a piece of similar sandstone or a hard brush.” * 
Boiling for ten minutes is sufficient to kill most disease 
germs. Boiling does not, however, always destroy poisons dis- 
solved in water, and it is safer never to use water which has 
been contaminated. 
IV. The Habits of the Inmates. 
These are much moi'e difficult to alter than the structure of 
their cottages. They are closely connected with their surround- 
ings. 
(1) Want of washing conveniences. — Although the English 
are amongst the most attentive to personal cleanliness of all the 
nations, there is yet often room for improvement. Washing is 
sometimes rendered difficult by the scantiness of w'ater, or by the 
labour required in carrying it from a distance. 
There is seldom any convenient arrangement for personal 
washing, and it is, as country doctors know, the next thing to 
an impossibility for a cottager to have a warm bath. The 
Saturday night’s tub for the children is fortunately an established 
institution. 
(2) Overcrowding is unfortunately frequent where houses are 
of limited size and the families apparently unlimited. 
The following extracts from the Model Bye-laws of the Local 
Government Board for common lodging-houses may serve as a 
minimum standard : — 
In rooms of ordinary construction to be used for sleeping, where there 
are the usual means of ventilation by windows and chimney, about 300 
cubic feet will be a proper standard of space to secui-e to each person ; but 
in many rooms it will be right to appoint a larger space. 
’ The cost of these filters is given as follows : — Filter — Stone, 12s. &d. ; 
dressing, 10.?.; Filter Case — 4 yards of 7" x 1” timber, 6s.; nails, &c. Is.; 
painting. Is. 6<f. ; cost of making, 3s. ; total, IZ. 14s. The stone can be obtained 
from Mr. Blythman, Hisleby Quarry, Sleights, or any Cleveland Moorside 
Quarry. 
V Y 2 
