12 WHITE FLIES INJUKIOUS TO CITEUS IN FLORIDA. 
Early History in the United States. 
Riley and Howard give the following account of the status of the 
citrus white fly previous to 1893: 
For many years an important and interesting species of the type genus has been 
known to infest orange trees in Florida and in more northern greenhouses, and more 
recently the same form has appeared in injurious numbers in the orange groves of 
Louisiana. In the Florida Dispatch, new series, volume 11, November, 1885, this 
species received the name of Aleyrodes citri at the hands of Mr. Ashmead. The Florida 
Dispatch, however, is a local newspaper of no scientific pretensions, and the descrip- 
tion accompanying the name was entirely insufficient to enable recognition aside from 
the food plant. We adopt the name in connection with a full description, not with a 
view of encouraging such mode of publication, which is not sanctioned by the canons 
of nomenclature formulated and generally accepted, but as a manuscript name, satis- 
factory in itself, the authority to be recognized for it being comparatively immaterial. 
Our first acquaintance with the species was in June, 1878, when we found it occur- 
ring in profuse abundance on the leaves of the citrus trees in the orangery of this 
department. Some observations were made upon its life history during that summer, 
and all of its stages were observed. During the following years we observed it in 
Florida, and it was studied by two of our agents, Mr. H. G. Hubbard, at Crescent City, 
and the late Joseph Voyle, at Gainesville. The species was not treated in Mr. Hub- 
bard 's report on the insects affecting the orange, as we wished to give it a fuller consid- 
eration than could then have been given, and other duties prevented doing so in time. 
Moreover, at the time when Mr. Hubbard's report was prepared the insect had not 
become of especial economic importance. 
Since that time many further notes have been made in Washington, and we have 
received the species from Pass Christian, Miss. ; New Orleans, La. ; Baton Rouge, La. ; 
Raleigh, N. C; and many Florida localities; and during the past year or two it has 
become so multiplied in parts of Louisiana and Florida as to deserve immediate 
attention. 
The authors quoted above specifically recorded the occurrence of 
the white fly in Florida only at Gainesville (Alachua County), Cres- 
cent City (Putnam County), 1 and Manatee (Manatee County). Dr. 
H. J. Webber in 1897 (basing his statement on records in 1893 and 
1894) referred to the occurrence of the white fly at the following addi- 
tional points: Evinston (Alachua County), Ocala and Citra (Marion 
County), Ormond (Volusia County), Panasoffkee (Sumter County), 
Orlando (Orange County), Bartow (Polk County), and Fort Myers 
(Lee County) . Prof. H. A. Gossard in 1 903 mentioned only the follow- 
ing additional localities specifically: Tallahassee (Leon County), Lake 
City (Columbia County), Jacksonville (Duval County), and Candler 
(Marion County). In the same publication the following additional 
1 Examination of the specimens of white flies in the collection of the Bureau of 
Entomology, collected by Mr. H. G. Hubbard in 1895 and bearing the locality label 
"Crescent City," indicate that this record with little doubt refers to Aleyrodes nubifera. 
Circumstances known to the authors, but which need not be discussed here, show that 
with little doubt the citrus white fly was the species present at Crescent City before 
the freeze of the winter of 1894-5. The specimens collected by Mr. Hubbard probably 
came from the Hubbard grove at Haw Creek, several miles southeast of Crescent City. 
