A BRIEF SURVEY OF HAWAIIAN BEE KEEPING. 53 
leafhoppers. The fact that the leafhopper is not doing damage 
enough to hinder cane raising does not signify that it has disap- 
peared, nor is there any biologic reason for believing that it will, while 
cane is grown, unless some entirely new methods of fighting it are 
found. The fact that 400 tons a of honeydew are produced annually 
from this source in sjnte of the fact that only a limited amount of the 
cane area is accessible to bees is a certain indication of the untold 
millions of these insects which still exist. 
The leafhoppers exude a sweet, gummy substance on the leaves of 
the cane and the honey bees work on this eagerly. However, where 
bees have access to both honeydew and floral nectar, they prefer the 
nectar to a ma iked degree. "When algarroba begins to bloom the 
honey stored becomes noticeably whiter. 
In view of the fact that honeydew honey has the taste and color of 
common molasses, it has been suggested that probably this product is 
gathered by the bees from the sugar mills which are so numerous on 
the islands. The writer visited several such mills located near apia- 
ries on days when bees were actively flying. No bees were to be seen 
anywhere around the mill. If bees actually did come to the mill 
after sweets, they would become a serious nuisance to the workmen. 
Why they do not is something of a mystery to the writer, but he can 
vouch for the fact that he saw no mills screened to keep bees out, nor 
did he see any bees at work in the mill or even on the pile of sweet 
refuse ("mud cake") outside. 
Molasses is used quite extensively for feeding cattle on the islands. 
It is poured out in troughs or half barrels where the cattle can get it 
easily, and frequently these are located near apiaries. Many of these 
were examined as the writer went about among the apiaries, and in 
not a single instance did he ever see a bee at work on the molasses. 
In some cases these feeding troughs are as near as a quarter of a mile 
to apiaries. A dairyman near Waimea, Kauai, whose trough (PI. IX, 
fig. 2) is located not a quarter of a mile from a large apiary, informed 
the writer that he had never seen bees working on the molasses. Ob- 
viously. Hawaiian honeydew honey does not come from this source. 
Extra-floral plant honeydew. — The situation in Hawaii as regards 
sources of honey i- made still more complicated and interesting by the 
fad that the liau tree (Paritium tiliaceum) has nectaries on its leaves 
which secrete a honeydew. These are located on the veins of the 
leaves near the stem and are one, three, or five in number. Small 
drops of honeydew may frequently be seen on these spots. It is in- 
teresting to note that these extra-floral nectaries are present on the 
outside of the calyx of the (lower-. There is apparently no true floral 
nectary. 
" I-'ive hundred tons in 1908. 
