BEE DISEASES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 25 
was formerly known as "black brood." Its presence is less easily 
diagnosed by superficial examination than is American foul brood. 
It is described by Doctor Phillips a as follows : 
This disease attacks larvae earlier than does American foul brood, and a 
comparatively small percentage of the diseased brood is ever capped. The dis- 
eased larvae which are capped over have sunken and perforated cappings. 
The larva? when first attacked show a small yellow spot on the body near the 
head and move uneasily in the cell. When death occurs they turn yellow, 
Then brown, and finally almost black. Decaying larva? which have died of this 
disease do not usually stretch out in a long thread when a small stick is 
inserted and slowly removed. Occasionally there is a very slight " ropiness," 
but this is never very marked. The thoroughly dried larvae form irregular 
scales which are not strongly adherent to the lower side wall of the cell. 
There is very little odor from decaying larvae which have died from this dis- 
ease, and when an odor is noticeable it is not the " glue-pot " odor of the Ameri- 
can foul brood, but more nearly resembles that of soured dead brood. This dis- 
ease attacks drone and queen larvae very soon after the colony is infected. It is 
as a rule much more infectious than American foul brood and spreads more 
rapidly. On the other hand, it sometimes happens that the disease will dis- 
appear of its own accord, a thing which the author never knew to occur in 
a genuine case of American foul brood. European foul brood is most de- 
structive during the spring and early summer, often almost disappearing in 
late summer and autumn. 
DAMAGE FROM BEE DISEASES. 
The damage from an epidemic of bee disease is as difficult to esti- 
mate as is the damage from an epidemic of smallpox, of typhoid 
fever, or of malaria in a human community. The loss of colonies 
is but one small item ; there is the resulting loss of crop, the result- 
ing lack of increase in the number of colonies of bees, and that demor- 
alizing effect on the industry which tends to cause bee keepers to go 
out of business. Besides this there is a crippling of commercial queen 
rearing, a check on the trade in bees, and a decisive effect on the 
manufacture and sale of bee keepers' supplies. All these factors 
must be considered in an estimate ; and, what is more, the damage is 
accumulative. It can not be calculated by the year and then totaled ; 
the progressive loss must be figured. 
In Xew York State, where European foul brood has been com- 
bated for nearly a decade, and where it is now well suppressed, it 
has been estimated that the damage from loss of bees alone, in a 
very limited area, in 1899 and 1900, was at least $45,000. 
In Ventura County, Cal., where American foul brood flourishes, a 
thriftless bee keeper had 151 colonies which, from neglect, were re- 
duced to 14 colonies in a little over twelve months' time. One hun- 
dred and thirty-seven colonies had died or were nearly dead. But 
there are many more and even sadder cases, were there space to relate 
them. 
a The brood diseases of bees. By E. F. Phillips, Ph. D. Circular 79, Bureau 
of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, p. 2. 
7S013 — Bull. 75—11 3 
