PRODUCTION AND CAKE OF EXTRACTED EONEY. 5 
tion of extracted honey. It would certainly be unwise to recommend 
or condemn this system in general, for its use should be governed by 
local conditions of the honey flow. In this case, as in many others, 
the maximum results may not be expected without a careful study of 
local conditions.' Bee keepers talk a great deal about " locality differ- 
ences, " and, as generally used, the term " locality " is only an excuse 
for a lack of information as to the true cause of various observed 
facts. It is nevertheless most true that there are scores of local 
differences which are great enough to bring success or failure, accord- 
ing as they are studied or neglected. 
PERFORATED /INC. 
The use of a perforated zinc queen-excluding board between the 
brood chamber and the surplus bodies is gaining in popularity. 
Without this zinc the queen is likely to go into the second story, or 
even higher, particularly toward the close of the season. Some bee 
keepers prefer to use combs for extracting which have never been used 
for brood, and if this plan is followed the perforated zinc is abso- 
lutely necessary. Honey extracted from dark combs which have been 
used for brood is darker in color as a rule than that produced in 
combs which have never contained brood. This is doubtless due to 
the fact that a certain amount of the larval skins and larval excreta 
which are packed at the bottom of brood cells becomes dissolved in 
the honey. These deposits in the cells are usually spoken of as 
" cocoons,'' but certainly only a small part is really the silk of the 
cocoon. If this really were merely a cocoon, no possible objection 
could be made to the use of brood combs for extracting. It would 
probably do little good to advocate the universal use of only such 
combs as had not been used for brood rearing in the production of 
extracted honey, but a strict regard for cleanliness would most 
assuredly demand it. 
REMOVING HONEY FROM THE HIVE. 
Honey should not be taken from the hive until fully "ripened." 
When the time comes to extract, the frames should be lifted from the 
hive and the adhering bees shaken or brushed off. They may be 
brushed off with a regular bee brush, many styles of which are manu- 
factured, or a bunch of grass or weeds will usually answer as well. 
The only advantage of a regular brush is that it is ahvays ready 
for use. 
If the honey flow is over or the bees are hard to manipulate on 
account of their stinging, a bee escape is desirable. The escape is 
so arranged that the bees can pass down to the story below with 
comparative ease but can not get back. Within a few hours the 
