50 THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 
insect, particularly if the latter be of a dark color, and may thus be 
carried considerable distances. They are frequently found crawling 
upon ants which are great travelers. It is extremely probable that 
they also crawl upon the feet of birds, and may be transported by 
these carriers for many miles. 
Some interesting observations have been made by Mr. Schwarz upon 
the transporting of these scale larva3 by other insects. A little black 
lady bird, Pentilia misella, which was very active in devouring scale 
larva?, was unfortunately equally efficient in transporting many of these 
young lice to other parts of the tree or to other trees; in fact, it was diffi- 
cult to find a single beetle which did not carry on its back at least one 
larva of the San Jose scale, and sometimes three or four were found upon 
a single wing- cover of a beetle. The small black ant, Monomorium 
minutum, was particularly abundant upon pears, attracted by the juices 
emerging from cracks, and almost every one of these insects carried on 
its back one or more specimens of the young scale insects. Specimens 
of the little chrysomelid beetle, Typophorus cancUus, were also found 
upon the trees. Both red and black specimens of this beetle occurred, 
and the interesting observation was made that while Aspidiotus larvae 
crawled freely on the black individuals, no specimens were to be found 
upon the red ones. The same peculiarity was found to hold true with 
the ants. The red ant, Formica schaufussi, was abundant upon the 
pears, but no specimens were found bearing Aspidiotus larva', while, as 
just stated, the little black Monomorium was always found carrying 
them. 
As illustrating this transportation of the scale by birds or insects the 
experience at Riverside, Md. (ante, p. 25), may be cited, and Professor 
Smith reports a similar instance in New Jersey, in letter of January 
13, 1896. 
In spite of the abundance of insects which muf transport the larvae 
the progress of the scale from infested trees to noninfested trees is 
slow, where trees are moderately widely separated, and usually an 
entire orchard will not become affected from a single original point 
for several years. 
Occasionally the young scales may be locally transported by men or 
teams. An interesting case in point is given by Professor Rolfs. He 
states that some melons growing in an infested orchard were given by 
the owner to a friend, who took them away from the orchard in his 
wagon. A year later the scale developed on a tree under which the 
team had been hitched while the melons were unloaded. As this 
orchard was entirely free from the scale originally, it seems to be a 
reasonable inference that the young had crawled upon the wagon, 
harness, or melons, were conveyed a distance of three miles, and suc- 
ceeded in gaining access to a tree which probably touched the wagon 
or team during the interval of unloading. 
