PARASITES AND NATURAL ENEMIES. 
51 
THE PARASITES AND NATURAL ENEMIES 
TRUE PARASITES. 
Of true parasites, three have been reared from the San Jose scale in 
California and three in the East, two of the latter being the same as 
two of those occurring on the Pacific Slope. The most important para- 
site perhaps is Aphelinus fuscipennis How., a common and widespread 
enemy of armored scales. The general characteristics of fuscipennis 
are well shown in the accompanying figure of a closely allied species 
(fig. 7). This parasite has been reared in large numbers by Mr. Coquil- 
lett in California, where he found it to breed throughout the year, obtain- 
ing specimens as late as Xovember 10. In the East several speci- 
mens of this insect have been reared by Professor Smith in New Jersey, 
and we have found scales at Eiverside. Md., and Charlottesville, 
Va.j pierced with holes which were probably made by this species. The 
two other Western parasites were reared by Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn in 
*t*^s^ 
Fig. 7. — ApheUnus diaspidit How. 
Santa Clara County. Cal., and are Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le B. and 
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Oraw. The other Eastern parasites are Aspi 
diotiphagus citrinus Craw, recently reared from scales from W. E. Hud- 
son. Orlando. Ela.. and Anaphes gracilis How., which was reared origi- 
nally from specimens collected at Riverside, Md., and later from 
affected twigs received from Charlottesville. Va. It is only fair to 
suggest that the latter species may not eventually prove to be a 
parasite of the San Jose scab', since overlooked specimens oi' the 
common oyster-shell bark-louse may have been present on the same 
twigs. The type of this species was obtained in 1880 from MytUaspis 
pomorum, the common oyster shell bark louse of the apple. 
Aphelinus fuscipennis is undoubtedly a very efficient aid in keeping 
the San .love scale in check. Mr. Alexander Oraw, in the report o[ the 
State Hoard of Horticulture of California for L 891, states that he found 
it doing such effective work in an orchard in the neighborhood of Eos 
Anucles that complete extermination of the scale was confidently looked 
