REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES. 57 
the dormant season as a winter application. The resin wash is used 
both as a winter and a summer wash, chiefly the former. The kerosene 
emulsion is always used as a summer wash. 
In addition to these, and more important perhaps than any of them, 
is the gas treatment, which, however, is not very extensively used 
against the San Jose scale, except on nursery stock. 
The various washes named have been very carefully experimented 
with by Mr. Coquillett while an agent of this division, in California. 
The lime-sulphur-salt washes in the many combinations tried did not 
give as satisfactory results as was claimed for them by other experi- 
menters, although notable benefit was secured. The resin wash was 
shown to be much preferable to the combination of lime, sulphur, and 
salt. In some cases, as will be shown later, other agencies than the 
washes seem to have effected the destruction of the scale. This is par- 
ticularly true of what seems to be a scale disease, already referred to, 
which frequently causes the extermination of the scale over large dis- 
tricts, this result being attributed by various persons sometimes to the 
work of predaceous insects, and at other times to the use of washes 
which probably in themselves have little effect. The universal faith in 
the use of the washes named in California, however, gives them a 
standing which can not well be questioned. In this connection we 
quote from a letter received from Mr. If. B. Muscott, chairman of the 
San Bernardino County board of horticultural commissioners, giving 
the results of treatment with the washes and formulas commonly used. 
He says: 
Five years ago we organized our commission under the laws of the State and 
started on a vigorous crusade to eradicate the scale and save our orchards. So suc- 
cessfully have we accomplished our work that from the reports of our inspectors 
just received there is not to-day so much of this scale in our entire county as was 
found in some individual orchards live years ago. I notice you are employing fumi- 
gation to eradicate the scale. We have also used it a little, hut found it too cumber- 
some and expensive, and are relying almost wholly on washes sprayed on the trees 
while they are dormant. I inclose formulas of the washes we are using and have 
been using for two or three years past with gratifying success, when carefully pre- 
pared and thoroughly applied. My choice of these washes for the San Jose scale is 
first, the kerosene emulsion, and second, the lime-sulphur-salt solution. 
The following are the formulas sent by Mr. Muscott. The washes are 
prepared by practical chemists employed by the commissioners and 
furnished at cost in concentrated form, with full directions for diluting 
and applying, a course which it would be highly desirable to adopt in 
the East with washes which are found to be successful. 
METHODS OF PREPARING WASHES FOLLOWED IX CALIFORNIA. 
Salt, lime, and sulphur solution. — Forty pounds of lime (unslacked), 20 pounds sul- 
phur, 15 pounds coarse salt. 
Add 10 gallons of water to the above materials, stirring thoroughly while the lime 
is slacking. Boil fully three hours, then add enough water to make 80 gallons of the 
solution, then strain through burlaps and apply milk warm. Use only on deciduous 
trees and when said trees are dormant 
