REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES. 65 
vigorous in foliage, and presented an exceptionally fine appearance. 
but bore scarcely any fruit. An application of soap made late in 
spring, or after the trees were already blooming, did not seem to a 
seriously the setting* of the fruit in the case of the peach, and in the 
ease of the apple no injury whatever was noted, even where applied at 
the rate of 2 pounds to the gallon, with the trees in full bloom. 
The pure kerosene emulsion has a disastrous effect on the trees, and 
pure kerosene killed outright the trees treated with it. 
The lye washes injure the new growth if strong enough to be of any 
value against the scales: and the lime, sulphur, and salt washes are 
practically without effect upon the plant and kill comparatively few 
scale insects. 
BEHAVIOR nF DIFFERENT WASHES AND THEIR COST. 
The diluted washes presented no difficulties in application, nor is 
there any trouble in applying the Oregon and California washes at 
twice the ordinary strength. Pure kerosene emulsion can not be very 
satisfactorily sprayed with an ordinary nozzle, as it is too thick for this 
purpose. The strongest resin wash may be applied hot with an ordi- 
nary nozzle, but on cooling the resin will separate out within an hour 
or two. hence the necessity, if used at great strength, of applying the 
liquid hot. Whale-oil soap washes, even at 3 pounds to the gallon, are 
thin enough when cool to be sprayed without much difficulty, and no 
trouble whatever was experienced with lh to 2 pounds to the gallon. 
The common hard soap used in experiments, solidified almost immedi- 
ately into a rather tenacious soft soap, even at 1 pound to the gallon, 
and in this or greater strengths could not be sprayed except at high 
temperatures. When once on the tree, however, it adheres much bet- 
ter than fish-oil soaps, or at least the evidence of its presence on the 
tree is much more apparent, the whitening of the bark being noticeable 
for months afterwards. Whale-oil soap used did not give thi> marked 
appearance to the tree, and even at the start the tree remained only 
somewhat darker, as though wet. 
The cost of the stronger applications are approximately as follows 
Whale-oil soap, at 4 cents per pound, using 2 pounds to the gallon, 
gives an 8 cents per gallon wash. It was found impossible to make a 
soap by buying the ingredients any cheaper than it could be obtained 
from the soap manufacturers. 
IJesin wash at six times summer strength costs about »i cents per gal- 
lon by buying the ingredients in wholesale lots. viz. lye in drums 
pounds capacity, and the resin and oil by the several barrel lots. This 
doe- not include the expense of preparation, which is considerable. 
Kerosene at o' cents per gallon for a cheap grade, with soap at 4 cents 
per pound, would represent a cost for the pure emulsion i)t a little 
than 5 cents per gallon, ami for the ouce diluted mixture. 2j cents. 
The crystal potash lye was secured at retail and cost 15 cents a pound, 
making the strong di applied cost 30 cents a gallon. 
8090— No. 3 5 
