THE GENUS DENDROCTONUS. 141 
distribution is confined to the region of the mountains of West Vir- 
ginia and northward to northern New York. 
This species comes nearer to the European spruce beetle than it 
does to any of the other species, and therefore will probably have 
similar seasonal history and habits. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Hopkins, 1899a, p. 447; Hopkins, 1909, pp. 142-143. 
No. 21. THE EUROPEAN SPRUCE BEETLE. 
(Dendroctonus micans Kug. Figs. 92-94.) 
The European spruce beetle is a large, stout, reddish-brown, cylin- 
drical barkbeetle, 7 to 8 mm. in length, with broad, convex head; 
short prothorax, with sides of pronotum distinctly narrowed and 
constricted toward head; elytra somewhat shining, with moder- 
ately coarse rugosities between rows of rather distinct punctures, 
and the declivity smooth and more shiny in the males than in the 
females. (See fig. 92.) According to European writers, it attacks 
the living bark, usually at the base of injured, dying, and living 
trees and stumps of felled spruce, pine, fir, and larch, from central 
to northern Europe and in Denmark, Kussia, and eastern Siberia. 
HABITS AND SEASONAL HISTORY. 
It is said that the broods pass the winter in the mines in the bark 
as parent adults, young adults, and all stages of larvae. The young 
adults emerge in June and excavate long, irregular egg galleries 
(fig. 93), usually in the bark at the base of stumps and trees, some- 
times extending into the roots, but sometimes at various points on 
the trunk, even to and among the branches. The female deposits 
from one hundred to one hundred and fifty eggs in groups of from 
thirty to fifty, and the larvse proceed in a body to excavate broad 
brood chambers (fig. 93), very much in the same manner as with the 
black and red turpentine beetles. 
The broods hatching from eggs deposited in May and June by the 
overwintered adults develop into pupae and adults by September, or 
later, but remain in the brood galleries until the next spring. The 
broods developing from overwintered young larvae transform to 
pupae and adults in June and July, emerge and deposit eggs in July 
and August, or later, and pass the winter in different stages, as young 
to matured larvae. 
