104 
LEAFHOPPEIiS AFFECTING CEKEALS, ETC. 
habits and as the bulletin is no longer available for distribution I 
quote directly from that article. 
April 15th, we confined several in a breeding jar upon growing blue-grass. April 24th, 
they were observed copulating. April 26th, all were dead. Where they fed upon the 
blue-grass their punctures appeared as small white spots, the epidermis only remain- 
ing about the point from which they had sucked the nutritive juices of the blade. 
April 27th, some specimens taken in copulation in the field were confined on grow- 
ing clover. Their liking for the clover as compared with blue-grass was very apparent 
and we had no difficulty in carrying them forward on this food plant. They preferred 
to feed by inserting their beaks in the petioles, or stems, of the leaves, in which posi- 
tion they would remain motionless for hours at a time sucking out the juices of the 
plant. They would also sometimes feed upon the blade. 
The wilting of the clover from their incessant drains upon it was evident and it 
was only by frequent and generous watering that it was kept growing. By the middle 
of May few specimens could be found outside of clover fields and sweepings made at 
intervals throughout the summer failed to disclose them elsewhere in sufficient num- 
bers to attract much attention. During October they could again be found in blue- 
^vvo\,tV\W, 
Fig. 29.— The clover leafhopper (Agallia sanguinolenta): a, Adult; b, nymph, side view; c, nymph, 
dorsal view; d, face; e, elytron; /, female genitalia; g, male genitalia. All enlarged. (After Osborn and 
Ball.) 
grass patches and about weedy spots to which they migrate on the approach of winter, 
or perhaps as soon as their favorite food plant begins to show the effects of cold weather. 
From their numbers in this locality and their method of attack we should count 
them among our most serious clover insects. 
The first larvae were found in our breeding jars May 20th. They much resemble 
the adults except that they are smaller and nearly white in color. A few eggs were 
observed inserted beneath the epidermis along the midrib of the blade. Most of the 
eggs must have been laid elsewhere, however, probably among the bases of the petioles 
about the crown of the root, or beneath the epidermis on the petiole where they would 
not be easily discovered. June 9th, the wings of the older nymphs nearly covered 
the body and by the first of July they were mature. Hatching at this time was still 
in progress, so that we had every stage in the life-history of the insect represented at 
the same time in our cages. Nymphs in all stages were found from this date until 
late autumn, the new adults doubtless beginning egg-laying in July, or August, and 
the larvae of the first brood would be maturing all through the months of July, August, 
and possibly September. The earliest adults of the second brood might have time 
to oviposit and produce a third brood in autumn, some specimens of which could 
mature, but we have no doubt that the great majority of the insects are included in 
two broods. This conclusion seems probable to us from the rate of growth, and the 
fact that few nymphs are to be seen late in fall. We have found none in spring and 
think that the belated ones of fall perish during the winter. 
