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of the parent Monad into which they eventually developed, it 
is perfectly legitimate to assume, as I did in the case of the 
Amoeban Rhizopods, that the granules are the true reproductive 
elements of these organisms. 
As regards the central clear space in Haeckel’s figures of 
Protamoeba, it is not requisite to offer many further observations. 
It is a well-known fact, and one repeatedly alluded to by 
Haeckel, that in all the more highly organized Protozoa the 
nuclear body is the first portion of the structure to undergo 
subdivision. But even allowing for argument’s sake that the 
central space indicated in each figure of Protamoeba was not 
intended to represent a nucleus, but some accidental displace- 
ment, caused by pressure or otherwise, of the granules per- 
vading the substance of the body, the chances are enormously 
against such a displacement having taken place in each of the 
specimens figured. And it is equally improbable that in the 
representation of the Protamoeba * beginning to divide ’ into two 
halves, and of the two halves in which division had been 
completed, any such accidental cause should have led to a 
central clear space being present in both the neic individuals, 
precisely as we see in the case of a true nucleus. Such an 
explanation is, therefore, inadmissible. Hence, as in the case 
of the manifestly ‘ differentiated ’ granular particles, we must 
regard the appearances as putting beyond all reasonable doubt 
the fact that the protoplasm of Protamoeba is not what Haeckel 
assumes it to be, namely, a substance so homogeneous and 
structureless that every individual particle of it is the exact 
counterpart of every other particle composing it, there being 
no two different portions in the organism. Now the differen- 
tiation of living body- substance into two portions is a character 
on which Haeckel himself very justly lays the greatest em- 
phasis, since it undoubtedly furnishes the most important proof 
available of advance from a lower to a higher degree of orga- 
nization. Referring to this, he says: — ‘We must assume two 
very different stages of Evolution in those elementary organisms 
which , as formative particles or plastids , represent organic indi- 
viduality of the highest order. The older and lower stage being 
that of Cytods, in which the whole body c07isists of but one kind of 
albuminous substance of the simplest plasson or formative material; 
the more recent or higher stage being that of cells in which a 
separation or differentiation of the original plasma into two 
different kinds of albuminous substances, into the inner cell- 
kernel or nucleus , and outer cell-substance or protoplasm , has 
already taken place .’ — Evolution of Man, vol. ii. p. 45. 
But the complicated web of contradictory statements re- 
specting the Monera is not yet exhausted. In his Evolution of 
Man , Haeckel makes the definite assertion that ‘ the Monera, in 
