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foot-pan, which was so large in relation to the dimensions of 
the jars, that 1 could immediately dip them up full from it 
(the foot-pan) without the water being perceptibly the worse 
for it, especially when I so contrived matters that these trans- 
fers were made, not in one day, but on successive days. Thus, 
in London, far from the sea, which I had never seen, I was, so far, 
aquarially speaking, as well off as the wealthy Sir John Graham 
Dalyell, with the ocean almost at his door. Later on, in 1857-8, 1 
set up another marine aquarium, in which the show-tank held 20 
gallons, and the reservoir 500 gallons, of water, in which that 
water, instead of being intermittently circulating, as in my 
jar and foot-pan arrangement, circulated constantly, day and 
night, by means of a pump and pipes, in a cool underground 
London cellar or kitchen, with a uniform temperature of about 
60° F. This answered excellently, especially when I increased 
the water in the reservoir to 1,000 gallons. 
In 1860 I arranged in the Paris Acclimatation Gardens an 
aquarium which had been incipiently planned, or rather con- 
templated, by Mr. D. W. Mitchell, who had died some months 
before then, and I made the circulation a constant one, and 
gave as large an underground reservoir as funds would allow, 
but which was insufficient. In 1862 I went to Hamburg, 
where, with the aid of the late Mr. A. Lienau, an engineer of 
great knowledge, who saw the advantage of a large reservoir, I 
made the aquarium in the Zoological Gardens there, which was 
opened in 1864 ; and it was under my management so successful 
that it called other continental aquaria into existence, but not 
with so great a success, because of neglect in having the machinery 
so good, and the reservoirs so large, as they should be. But com- 
mercial companies, anxious for money success, and for that only, 
frequently fail from inattention to proper construction, and 
especially to hidden constructions which the public never see. 
In 1870 I returned to England, and, with Mr. C. H. Driver, 
arranged the Crystal Palace aquarium, with further improve- 
ments in machinery, and a still relatively greater reservoir. 
This, too, has been and is so very successful that I have been 
called upon to supervise the construction of several other public 
aquaria in Britain and abroad ; and to perpetuate my modes of 
operation, both in construction and management, I now take 
pupils, who, when called upon, are ready to undertake the 
curatorship of aquaria in a scientific manner. 
On March 1 last, Mr. W. S. Kent delivered a lecture in the 
rooms of the Society of Arts, the chief aim of which was 
to show that not large but (relatively to show- tanks) small 
reservoirs are necessary, or even no reservoirs at all. This is 
printed in the “ Journal of the Society of Arts” of March 3 
last, and my unanswerable reply to it may be seen in the 
