WAS MAN. A CONTEMPOEAFT OF THE MAMMOTH? 283 
direction, four more arrow-heads were found ; three of these 
were of the same formation as the preceding ; the fourth was of 
very rude workmanship. One of the last mentioned three was 
of agate, the others of blue flint. These arrow-heads are indis- 
putably the work of human hands. I examined the deposit in 
which they were embedded, and raised them out of their em- 
bedment with my own hands. 
64 The original stratum on which this river flowed at the time 
it was inhabited by the Missourium Theristocaulodon (and up 
to the time of its destruction), was of the upper green sand. 
On the surface of this stratum, and partly mingled with it, 
was the deposit of the before-described skeleton. The next 
stratum is from three to four feet in thickness, and consisted of 
a brown alluvium of the Eocene region, and was composed of 
vegetable matters of a tropical production ; it contained all the 
remainder of the skeleton. 
“ Most of these vegetables were in a great state of preservation, 
and consisted of a large quantity of cypress burs, wood and 
bark, tropical cane, ferns, palmetto leaves, several stumps of 
trees, and even the greater part of a flower of the strelitzia class, 
which, when destroyed, was not full blown. There was no sign 
or indication of any very large trees, the cypresses that were 
discovered being the largest that were growing at the time. 
These various matters had been torn up by their roots and 
twisted and split into a thousand pieces, apparently by lightning, 
combined with a tremendous tempest or tornado ; and all were 
involved in one common ruin. Several veins of iron pyrites ran 
through this stratum. 
“ The next over this formation was a layer of plastic clay of 
the Eocene region, also with iron pyrites ; it was three feet in 
thickness. Over this was a layer of conglomerate, from nine to 
eighteen inches in thickness ; over this a layer of marl of the 
Pliocene region, from three to four feet in thickness ; next a 
second conglomerate, from nine to eighteen inches in thickness ; 
this was succeeded by a layer of yellow clay of the Pliocene ; 
over this a third layer of conglomerate, from nine to eighteen 
inches in thickness ; and at last the present surface, consisting 
of a delta, or alluvial deposit, formed by the river, consisting of 
brownish clay, mingled with a few pebbles, and covered with 
large oak, maple and elm trees, which were, as near as I could 
ascertain, from 80 to 100 years old. In the centre of the above- 
mentioned deposit was a large spring which appeared to rise 
from the very bowels of the earth, as it was never affected by 
the severest rain, nor did it become lower by the longest 
drought.” — Dr. Koch's Pamphlet of 1843, pages 13, 14 and 27. 
The first question before us is : Whether the observations and 
