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Wallace pointed out that not only as regards beasts (with 
which we are concerned to-day), but that also as regards birds, 
these regions are sharply limited. “ Australia has,” he says, 
u . no woodpeckers, no pheasants — families which exist in every 
other part of the world ; but instead of them it has the mound- 
making brush-turkeys, the honeysuckers, the cockatoos, and the 
brush-tougued lories, which are found nowhere else upon the 
globe.” 
All these striking peculiarities are found also in those islands 
which form the Australian division of the Archipelago, while in 
those islands which belong to its Indian division these Austra- 
lian birds have no place. 
On passing from the island of Bali to that of Lumbock, we 
cross the division between the two. “ In Bali,” he tells us, 
“we have barbets, fruit-thrushes, and woodpeckers, while in 
Lumbock these are seen no more ; but we have abundance of 
cockatoos, honeysuckers, and brush-turkeys, which are equally 
unknown in Bali, or any island further west.” 
As to our second point, then — the geographical relations of 
the kangaroo — we may say that the kangaroo is one of an 
order of animals confined to the Australian region and 
America , the great bulk of which order , including the kan- 
garoo ’s own family , Macropodiile, is strictly confined to the 
Australian region. We may further add, that in the Austra- 
lian region ordinary beasts ( Monodelphia ) are entirely absent, 
save some bats and a rat or two, and the wild dog or dingo, 
which was probably introduced there by man himself. 
There only remains, then, for us to enquire, lastly, what 
relations with past time may be found to exist on the part of 
the kangaroo’s order or of the kangaroo itself. Now, in fact, 
these relations are of considerable interest. I have spoken of 
Australia as, what in one sense it certainly is, the newest world , 
and yet the oldest world would, in truth, be an apter title for 
the Australian region. 
In these days we hear much of “ survivals,” as the two 
buttons behind our frock-coats are “ survivals ” of the extinct 
sword-belt they once supported, and the u Oh, yes ! oh, yes ! 
oh, yes ! ” of the town-crier is a 66 survival ” of the former legal 
and courtly predominance of the French language amongst us. 
Well, in Australia we have to-day a magnificent case of zoo- 
logical survival on the largest scale. There, as has already 
been said, we find living the little Myrmecobius , which repre- 
sents before our eyes a creature living in the flesh to-day, which 
is like other creatures which once lived here in England, and 
which have left their relics in the Stonesfield oolite, the deposi- 
tion of which is separated from our own age by an abyss of past 
time not to be expressed by thousands of years, but only to be 
