44 
6. Explain the following terms : — Lamination, Bedding, Cleav- 
age, Foliation, Metamorphism, Dip, Strike, and Fault. 
7. In Scotland, for example, what are the mutual relations of 
Gneiss and other metamorpliic rocks, and the granitic rocks with 
which they are associated ? 
8. What is a Mineral Vein, and how does it differ from a bed, 
and from a dyke ? 
9. Construct a column of the British stratified formations, 
placing the newest at the top, and the oldest at the bottom : draw 
vertical lines alongside, showing the range in time of any species, 
genus, order, or class of Fossils. 
10. In the above column mark with a cross those formations 
that lie uncomformably on the formation next below ; and 
between what great Marine formations are there complet breaks 
in the succession of marine life in time. 
11. Explain the theory of the formation of the Coal of the 
Coalmeasures. 
12. Draw a diagram showing the general stratigraphical 
relations of the Secondary to the Palmozoic strata in England 
and Wales. 
A. C. Ramsay. 
EXAMINATION IN MINING. 
2d April 1861. 
1. Enumerate in detail the varying conditions which may 
affect the value of a seam or bed of coal for mining purposes. 
2. State the greatest depths to which in different countries, 
lodes or mineral veins have been followed by mining operations, 
and the changes in character observable in them from the surface 
downward. 
3. Discuss the series of circumstances to be weighed in judg- 
ing of the propriety of commencing operations in a lode. 
Describe the arrangement of boreholes for proving the cha- 
racter of a series of conformable inclined strata. 
5. Illustrate with drawings on a scale of 6 feet to 1 inch, the 
various methods of timbering shafts. 
6. What are the modes of paying mining labour by piece or 
iut-work and by tribute , and their occasional advantages and 
disadvantages ? 
7. Draw a section of a plunger lift as used in mines, and state 
its advantages as compared with other kinds of pumps. 
