THE SONG OF THE CICADA. 
355 
mental point — was not sufficiently called to accessory parts. 
Cams inquired into the connection of the apparatus of song with 
that of respiration.* * * § He shows that the interior of the abdomen 
forms a considerable air-chamber, and records the discovery of a 
pair of stigmata which enable that cavity to communicate with 
the exterior. Colonel Goureau, in an essay upon Stridulation, fi 
only just touched upon the subject ; but his memoir was com- 
pleted in the same year by M. Solier.t Duges § announced the 
existence of the tensor muscle of the drum, but M. Carlet — Pro- 
fessor in the Faculty of Sciences at Grenoble — the author of a 
very recent memoir || to which we are indebted for the main 
facts embodied in this article, has searched for it in vain, and 
hopes to demonstrate conclusively that it has no existence. 
Doyere, in the Crochard edition of the “ Regne Animal ” of Cuvier, 
gives figures of the vocal apparatus ; but they are incomplete, and 
the magnifying power is not sufficient to show the details.^ 
Besides this, they only represent the exterior of the musical 
organ. M. Carlet has recently contributed two notes to the 
44 Comptes Rendus,” ** one upon the stigmata of the Cicada, the 
other upon a muscle of the musical apparatus, described under the 
name of tensor of the folded membrane ( 44 membrane plissee ”), 
which will be studied in detail further on. 
As regards the question whether the sound produced by the 
Cicada can be properly termed its voice or not, Aristotle laid 
down the principle that those animals alone which respire can 
be said to have a voice ; and as he believed that insects did not 
respire, they, according to him, only produce sounds, ft Reau- 
mur states, on his side : 44 If we give the name of voice only to 
the kind of sound produced by air driven out of the lungs, and 
which, on its exit from the larynx, is modified by the glottis, 
insects have no voice. But if we believe it to be necessary to 
* TJeber die Stimmwerkzeuge der italianischen deaden. “ Analekten zur 
Naturwissenschaft und Heilkunde,” 1829. 
t JEssai sur la Stridulation des Insectes. “ Annales de la Societe Entomo- 
logique de France,” Tome VI., 1837. 
% Observations sur quelques particularites de la Stridulation des Insectes , et 
en particulier sur le Chant de la Cigale. Ibid. 
§ “ Traits de Physiologie comparee,” Tome II. 1838. 
|| Sur V Appareil musical de la Cigale. “Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” 
6 i6me serie, Zoologie, Tome V. 
51 Insecta. PI. xlv., figs. 2c', 2 f ; figs. 4 and 5 of the plate illustrating 
this article. 
** Sur V Appareil musical de la Cigale. “ Comptes Rendus de FAcademie 
des Sciences,” 1876, 
tt u pev ovv ovdevlroov aXkoav pop loop ovftev rrXrjv r<5 (frdpvyyi * Sio ocra 
pr/ e'xei 7 rvevpova, ovde <fi6eyyeTai.” “De Animalium Historia,” Lib. TV 7 ., 
cap. 9, § 1. 
