CAYES AND THEIR OCCUPANTS. 
371 
habits have been elucidated in the descriptions of their weapons 
and other implements, adapted for shooting or darting, stabbing, 
clubbing, cutting, chopping, scraping, boring, drilling, and 
other work wanted in either peace or war; in hunting or 
fishing, in domestic operations, and in designing the works of 
art which so markedly characterized this peculiar people. Their 
cooking stoves, hearths, and mortars ; their bodkins and sewing 
needles ; their personal ornaments, and amulets perforated for 
stringing ; their whistling instruments, and their c batons,’ 
possibly distinctive of rank and dignity. Even their owner 
marks, tally scores, and probable gambling tools have been 
recognized and described, as well as how they made their many 
implements of flint.” 
Whilst there are some cave-remains which take us into so 
remote a past that we dare not assign any date to their first 
introduction, there are others which help to throw light upon 
some of the obscurer pages of history. Thus the celebrated 
Victoria Cave at Settle, in Yorkshire, not only carries us back 
to a period when the Craven savage passed through all the 
vicissitudes of a climate at one time mild enough for the hip- 
popotamus to be an occupant of the Yorkshire rivers, and at 
another so severe in character that man may have struggled for 
a mere existence with the grizzly bear and the reindeer ; but 
it also tells us how, in post-Roman times, the Brit-Welsh 
inhabitants of these islands were driven by the ever-advancing’ 
waves of Teuton invasion, to fly to the caves as their securest 
shelter and hiding-place. Here they dwelt for awhile, and 
by coins and various ornaments of considerable beauty and 
finish which they have left behind them, we are enabled, as it 
were, to decipher some few words in an almost illegible page of 
history. 
Professor W. Boyd Dawkins, in his admirable work on 66 Cave 
Hunting,” divides caves, according to the ages of their contents, 
into three classes — Historic, Prehistoric, and Pleistocene ; the 
first being those in which remains of man or of his works have 
been found which can be assigned to some known historical 
period. In this country the occupation of Britain by the Ro- 
mans is the extreme limit of age which can be admitted for 
historic caves, as previous to that event we have but the very 
dimmest tradition to guide us. Besides the human remains, 
those of certain animals, the approximate date of whose intro- 
duction into these islands is known, as well as the absence of 
others, will help us to determine the historic age of the bed in 
which they may be found. 
The second class of caves, those called Prehistoric, are inter- 
mediate between the Historic and the Pleistocene : whilst 
remains of animals of late introduction are invariably absent 
