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that its flesh was eaten by the dogs and wolves. It is said that 
the Lsechow islands off north-east Siberia were one mass of the 
bones of the mammoth, whole cargoes of ivory having been ex- 
ported thence for the greater part of a century. Indeed, the 
number of mammoths inhabiting Northern Europe must have 
been prodigious. In the midst of the Channel between Dover 
and Calais a mass of their bones has been dredged up ; and 
thousands of their teeth have been obtained in a similar manner 
off the coast of Norfolk. The range of the mammoth was very 
wide, as not only in Siberia and in these islands have its remains 
been discovered, but also in Russian America, and in Europe as 
far south as Spain in the west and Rome in the east. Two 
other elephants besides the mammoth were living with it in 
this country, but their remains are not so common, and they 
have not been found at Creswell. One of them, the E. 
antiquus , had a range nearly as great as that of the mam- 
moth. 
The other animals which existed during the Pleistocene 
period, and whose remains have been obtained in the Creswell 
caves, do not call for any very special notice ; amongst them 
were hares and voles, the bones of both which are very plentiful. 
The hare was doubtless a common article of food with the early 
inhabitants. 
We must now turn to the evidences of man’s existence as a 
contemporary of all these animals, as proved by the explora- 
tions at the Creswell caves. That man was present during the 
early Romano-British period we have already seen ; but an 
examination of the ossiferous breccia of the Robin Hood and 
Church Hole caves, as well as of the various beds sealed up 
under it, has proved that man was also, at any rate, an occasional 
occupant of these caves during the long antecedent Pleistocene 
times, for although we do not find human bones, various imple- 
ments and weapons of undoubted human workmanship occur 
in intimate connection with the remains of the extinct mam- 
malia. 
It is sometimes asked how it is that human bones seldom, if 
ever, are found in these earliest deposits ? It is surely easily 
accounted for by the consideration that the proportion borne 
by the men of that period to the wild beasts would be but as 
one to many thousands, and it would be an extraordinary thing 
were many human bones present. But no one can now seriously 
cpiestion the human origin of the many and various implements 
of the Pleistocene age ; it is true that many of them are rude 
in the extreme — so rude that individual specimens taken by 
themselves might make us hesitate before deciding upon their 
origin ; but mingled with these are others far more elaborate in 
workmanship, and besides the stone implements which give to 
