CAYES AND THEIR OCCUPANTS. 
383 
this age of man the name Palaeolithic, there have been found 
numerous specimens of arrow-heads, awls, needles, harpoons, 
&c., made of bone and reindeer antlers. Some of the bone 
implements are carved with not unskilful ornamentations, 
figures of animals not being unfrequent, and amongst these are 
well-executed engravings of horses, the reindeer, the arctic fox, 
and even of the mammoth, most clearly proving that the men 
who executed them must have been familiar with the forms of 
these animals, and we can therefore only come to the conclu- 
sion that they were contemporaries. Such bone implements and 
specimens of primitive art, as well as implements of stone, have 
been met with in the caves of France, Belgium, and Switzerland. 
A few bone tools, and notably some harpoon heads, have been 
found in this country in Kent’s Hole. 
Looking now at the Creswell caves, the sections of their floors 
show us a distinct series of beds of sand, earth, and breccia, accu- 
mulated upon the original floor of the caverns. In each of these 
deposits we have distinct traces of human occupation, and what 
gives additional interest to them is, that they bring before us 
very clear evidence of an advancing civilization : as we rise from 
the lower to the upper beds, we have a most decided progress 
shown in the character of the implements derived from the 
several deposits. 
In the bottommost bed of red sand (see sections, figs. 2, 3) 
mingled indiscriminately with the bones and teeth of the various 
animals already described, occurred tools of the very rudest de- 
scription, manufactured out of the quartzite pebbles which 
abound in the district. Some of these have been used as ham- 
mers, the proof of which is seen in their bruised and chipped ends ; 
other pebbles had been split into rough flakes (figs. 4-6), which 
may have served various purposes as knives, choppers, and 
scrapers for the preparation of skins. Implements as rude as 
these are said to be still in use amongst the Shoshone and 
Wyoming Indians, and equally rude ones have been found at 
the Cape of Grood Hope. We may picture to ourselves a race of 
savages who, in pursuit of the horse, the reindeer, and even of 
the mammoth and other animals we have spoken of, visited 
the neighbourhood of Creswell and made use of its caves as con- 
venient dwellings or sheltering places, driving off for a time 
the hyaenas, who would return again to their dens during the 
absence of these primitive hunters. How long a time elapsed 
during the accumulation of each bed in these caves we have 
no possible means of judging, but as we pass upwards from 
the red sand into the succeeding cave earth, we not only find 
similar quartzite implements, but also a few others made from 
flint. Still there was in these latter none of that perfection of 
workmanship arrived at by the later users of that material; 
