REVIEWS. 
295 
doubled, and their general structure determined ; hut the final report will 
embody all the local details of the different counties, with the needful maps, 
plans, and sections necessary for their proper illustration. 
From the present report it appears that the coal measures occupy a 
larger portion of the surface area than any other formation ; and, from the 
number of economical substances associated with them, their character and 
distribution has been carefully studied. The first part comprises a sketch 
of the lower coal measures in north-eastern Ohio, by Mr. Newberry ; from 
which it appears they contain seven or eight workable seams of coal, all of 
which lie below the celebrated Pittsburg seam, and include, in fact, the 
most important coal strata of the State. The coal measures do not form 
one symmetrical basin, but several troughs in a general way parallel with 
the axis of the great one of which they are parts. On the east side of each 
of these subordinate basins the strata rise, or are horizontal, and the 
easterly dip is neutralised ; so that on the east line of the Columbiana 
county the section of the hills is nearly the same as that found on the 
banks of Killbuck, one hundred miles west — the average dip in this 
interval being not more than three feet to the mile. In tracing the strata 
from the western margin of the coal-field to the Pennsylvania line, some of 
the coal seams disappear, and others come in ; and local changes are dis- 
coverable both in the development and purity of the different seams of coal 
and iron. The coals are of various qualities. The upper seams are well 
adapted for the generation of steam ; below them are the cannel coals, 
which, although the difference in heating power is not great, contain a 
larger amount of ash than the English Wigan cannel ,* still, however, they 
can yield a large volume of good illuminating gas. The most valuable 
seam is the lowest, or Briar Hill coal, both for its thickness, purity, and 
being well adapted, in the raw state, for the smelting of iron ores. With 
regard to surface features, Mr. Newberry points out that the rivers, as the 
Killbuck and Tuscarawas, run in parallel synclinal valleys, and that the 
folding of the strata which formed these subordinate troughs and ridges in 
the coal basin first gave direction to the drainage streams of the region, 
and which lines of drainage have retained, through all subsequent muta- 
tions, the directions thus given them ; and that this direction, as well as 
that of the main tributaries of the State, have been determined by the 
same causes that produced the great folds of the Alleghany mountains. 
The other portion of the volume contains a report of labours in the second 
geological district, by E. B. Andrews, accompanied by maps of grouped 
sections, showing the strata of the lower coal measures in detail. The 
geology of Highland county, by E. Horton ; which county contains a more 
extensive geological series than is to be found in any other county of the 
State, as it includes the Lower and Upper Silurian, Devonian, and Car- 
boniferous formations, besides some Drift deposits and evidences of glacial 
action. The agricultural survey is by .T. II. Klippart, and is intended to 
give a brief exposition of the physical and chemical characters of the various 
soils, their origin, the part they play in the growth of vegetation, the source 
of their fertility, and the theory of their impoverishment. The chemical 
report, by T. G. Wormley, is more specially devoted to the analyses of 
the coals, iron ores, furnace-slags, fire-clays, soils, limestones, and the pro- 
